# Appendix: Glossary & Bibliography

Appendix



In the following letter, which has been called the most celebrated in all of Italian literature, Machiavelli describes one day in his life and remarks casually that he has just completed The Prince. The letter was written in response to his friend Francesco Vettori, Florentine ambassador in Rome, who had previously sent a letter describing a day in his life. Machiavelli’s reply is partly a parody of Vettori’s somewhat self-important recounting, but it also gives us a glimpse, from the outside, of the political philosopher at work. We learn, among other things, that The Prince arose from conversations with the ancients, and that, in it, Machiavelli delved as deeply as he could into his subject.





NICCOLÒ MACHIAVELLI TO FRANCESCO VETTORI, FLORENCE, DECEMBER 10, 1513.





Magnificent ambassador:

“Never were divine favors late.”217 I say this because I appear to have lost, no, mislaid your favor, since you have gone a long time without writing me, and I was doubtful whence the cause could arise. And of all those that came to my mind I took little account except for one, when I feared you had stopped writing to me because someone had written to you that I was not a good warden of your letters; and I knew that, apart from Filippo and Pagolo, no one else had seen them on account of me. I regained your favor by your last letter of the 23rd of last month, where I was very pleased to see how orderedly and quietly you exercise this public office; and I urge you to continue so, for whoever lets go of his own convenience for the convenience of others, only loses his own and gets no thanks from them. And because Fortune wants to do everything, she wants us to allow her to do it, to remain quiet and not give trouble, and to await the time at which she allows men something to do; and then it will be right for you to give more effort, to watch things more, and for me to leave my villa and say: “Here I am.” Therefore, wishing to return equal favors, I cannot tell you in this letter of mine anything other than what my life is like, and if you judge that it should be bartered for yours, I will be content to exchange it.

I stay in my villa, and since these last chance events occurred,218 I have not spent, to add them all up, twenty days in Florence. Until now I have been catching thrushes with my own hands. I would get up before day, prepare traps, and go out with a bundle of cages on my back, so that I looked like Geta when he returned from the harbor with Amphitryon’s books; I caught at least two, at most six thrushes. And so passed all September; then this pastime, though annoying and strange, gave out, to my displeasure. And what my life is like, I will tell you. I get up in the morning with the sun and go to a wood of mine that I am having cut down, where I stay for two hours to look over the work of the past day, and to pass time with the wood-cutters, who always have some disaster on their hands either among themselves or with their neighbors. And regarding this wood I would have a thousand beautiful things to tell you of what happened to me with Frosino da Panzano and others who want wood from it. And Frosino in particular sent for a number of loads without telling me anything, and on payment wanted to hold back ten lire from me, which he said he should have had from me four years ago when he beat me at cricca at Antonio Guicciardini’s. I began to raise the devil and was on the point of accusing the driver who had gone for it of theft; but Giovanni Machiavelli came between us and brought us to agree. Batista Guicciardini, Filippo Ginori, Tommaso del Bene, and some other citizens, when that north wind was blowing, ordered a load each from me. I promised to all, and sent one to Tommaso which in Florence turned into a half-load, because to stack it up there were himself, his wife, his servant, and his children, so that they looked like Gabbura with his boys when he bludgeons an ox on Thursday. So, when I saw whose profit it was, I told the others I had no more wood; and all have made a big point of it, especially Batista, who counts this among the other disasters of Prato.

When I leave the wood, I go to a spring, and from there to an aviary of mine. I have a book under my arm, Dante or Petrarch, or one of the minor poets like Tibullus, Ovid, and such. I read of their amorous passions and their loves; I remember my own and enjoy myself for a while in this thinking. Then I move on along the road to the inn; I speak with those passing by; I ask them news of their places; I learn various things; and I note the various tastes and different fancies of men. In the meantime comes the hour to dine, when I eat with my company what food this poor villa and tiny patrimony allow. Having eaten, I return to the inn; there is the host, ordinarily a butcher, a miller, two bakers. With them I become a rascal for the whole day, playing at cricca and tric-trac, from which arise a thousand quarrels and countless abuses with insulting words, and most times we are fighting over a penny and yet we can be heard shouting from San Casciano. Thus involved with these vermin I scrape the mold off my brain and I satisfy the malignity of this fate of mine, as I am content to be trampled on this path so as to see if she will be ashamed of it.

When evening has come, I return to my house and go into my study. At the door I take off my clothes of the day, covered with mud and mire, and I put on my regal and courtly garments; and decently reclothed, I enter the ancient courts of ancient men, where, received by them lovingly, I feed on the food that alone is mine and that I was born for. There I am not ashamed to speak with them and to ask them the reason for their actions; and they in their humanity reply to me. And for the space of four hours I feel no boredom, I forget every pain, I do not fear poverty, death does not frighten me. I deliver myself entirely to them. And because Dante says that to have understood without retaining does not make knowledge,219 I have noted what capital I have made from their conversation and have composed a little work De Principatibus [On Principalities], where I delve as deeply as I can into reflections on this subject, debating what a principality is, of what kinds they are, how they are acquired, how they are maintained, why they are lost. And if you have ever been pleased by any of my whimsies, this one should not displease you; and to a prince, and especially to a new prince, it should be welcome. So I am addressing it to his Magnificence, Giuliano.220 Filippo Casavecchia has seen it; he can give you an account in part both of the thing in itself and of the discussions I had with him, although I am all the time fattening and polishing it.

You wish, magnificent ambassador, that I leave this life and come to enjoy your life with you. I will do it in any case, but what tempts me now is certain dealings of mine which I will have done in six weeks. What makes me be doubtful is that the Soderini are there, whom I would be forced, if I came, to visit and speak with. I should fear that at my return I would not expect to get off at my house, but I would get off at the Bargello,221 for although this state has very great foundations and great security, yet it is new, and because of this suspicious; nor does it lack wiseacres who, to appear like Pagolo Bertini, would let others run up a bill and leave me to think of paying. I beg you to relieve me of this fear, and then I will come in the time stated to meet you anyway.

I have discussed with Filippo this little work of mine, whether to give it to him222 or not; and if it is good to give it, whether it would be good for me to take it or send it to you. Not giving it would make me fear that at the least it would not be read by Giuliano and that this Ardinghelli would take for himself the honor of this latest effort of mine. The necessity that chases me makes me give it, because I am becoming worn out, and I cannot remain as I am for a long time without becoming despised because of poverty, besides the desire I have that these Medici lords begin to make use of me even if they should begin by making me roll a stone. For if I should not then win them over to me, I should complain of myself; and through this thing, if it were read, one would see that I have neither slept through nor played away the fifteen years I have been at the study of the art of the state. And anyone should be glad to have the service of one who is full of experience at the expense of another. And one should not doubt my faith, because having always observed faith, I ought not now be learning to break it. Whoever has been faithful and good for forty-three years, as I have, ought not to be able to change his nature, and of my faith and goodness my poverty is witness.

I should like, then, for you to write me again on how this matter appears to you, and I commend myself to you.

Be prosperous.

10 December 1513

Niccolò Machiavelli, in Florence.





Glossary



English terms appearing in the translation are in boldface, followed by the Italian or Latin terms they translate in italics and the listing of their occurrences by chapter and page number. Certain abbreviations are slightly different from those used in the introduction and the notes to the text: ED refers to the dedicatory letter, and T to a chapter title. A parenthetical number followed by a multiplication cross (×) indicates multiple occurrences. (L) indicates a Latin word. Negatives and other words with prefixes are listed with their root words. Indicators of parts of speech (n. for noun, v. for verb, adj. for adjective) are given only where the English terms are identical. See also refers to another English term used to translate that Italian word; cf. refers to an etymologically or conceptually related term.

An asterisk next to an English or Italian term indicates that not all occurrences of that term are listed in the glossary; all occurrences are given for other listed English terms (when they translate Italian, not necessarily Latin) and for listed Italian terms (though it may be necessary to consult the entries cross-referenced under See also to locate all occurrences of a listed Italian term). Occurrences of English terms when they translate Latin are usually given only when the Latin terms are cognates of the Italian term translated. The glossary does not include words inserted in the translation in brackets for clarification.





abject, abietta, 8.34

absolute, assoluto, 9.42 (2×)

accident, accidente, 2.6, 3.11, 5.21, 8.38, 14.60

account,★ corito, 10.43, 18.69, 19.72 (2×), 19.74, 21.91, 24.97

accuse, accusare, 7.33, 24.97. Cf. excuse

accustom, assuefare, 2.6, 13.57, 14.59; accustom, consueto, 1.6, 5.20, 5.21; accustom, solere,★ 9.42. For solere, see also custom

acquire, acquisition, acquistare, acquisto, acquistato, acquiruntur (L), ED.3, 1.5 (T), 1.5, 1.6 (2×), 3.8 (2×), 3.9 (5×), 3.10, 3.11 (3×), 3.13, 3.14 (2×), 4.16, 4.17, 4.19, 5.20, 6.21 (T), 6.22 (2×), 6.23 (2×), 6.25, 7.25 (T), 7.26, 7.27, 7.28 (3×), 8.35, 8.36, 11.45, 12.48, 12.52 (3×), 13.55, 14.58, 16.64, 17.66, 17.67, 19.77, 20.84 (2×), 20.85, 21.88; reacquire, riacquistare, 2.7. Cf. gain

action, azione, ED.3, 6.22 (2×), 6.23, 7.27, 7.32, 7.33, 8.35, 11.47, 13.55, 14.60 (2×), 17.67 (3×), 18.71, 19.72, 19.75, 19.78, 19.79, 19.82, 21.88 (2×), 21.89, 22.93, 24.96, 25.98, 25.101, 26.102, 26.103

adequate, iusto, 10.43. See also just

administer, sumministrare, 16.64, 19.75; administrare (L), 5.20 (T); administrator, amminitratore, 4.17; administration, amministrazione, 19.76, 19.81

advantage, vantaggio, 3.12, 14.59 (2×); advantage, cowmodita, 19.73; disadvantage, disavvantagio, 3.15. Cf. convenience

advocate (n.), avvocato, 7.30

afraid, avere paura, 7.33, 26.104, 26.105; pauroso, 3.10. See also fear

alive, vivo, 7.32

alone, solo,★ 3.12, 9.39, 11.45, 19.73; solamente, 24.97; one alone, uno solo, 23.95

ambition, ainbizione, 3.11, 3.13, 4.17, 11.47, 12.51 (2×), 19.72, 19.74-75, 19.76; ambitious, ambizioso, 3.14 (2×), 9.40, 12.48

ancient, antiquo, antico, antiquato, ED.3, 2.7, 3.9 (3×), 4.17, 5.21 (2×), 8.34, 12.50, 13.54, 18.69 (2×), 19.82, 20.84, 20.86, 24.96 (2×), 26.103, 26.105. For antiquo, antico, see also antiquity; former; old

anticipation, sospetto, 19.73. See also suspect

antiquity, antiquitd, 2.7, 4.17; since antiquity, ad antiquo, 20.86. For antiquo, see also ancient; former; old

appetite, appetito, 9.39 (2×)

arbiter, arbitro, 3.11, 3.14, 12.53, 25.98. Cf. free; liberty; will

arm★ (n.), arma, armi, arme, arma (L), ED.3, 1.6, 3.8, 5.21, 6.21 (T), 7.25 (T), 7.27 (3×), 7.28 (3×), 7.30 (2×), 7.32, 11.46 (2×), 11.47, 12.48 (6×), 12.49 (5×), 12.50 (5×), 12.52 (4×), 12.53, 13.54 (6×), 13.55 (7×), 13.56 (7×), 13.57 (3×),14.58 (2×), 19.72 (2×), 20.83 (2×), 20.84 (2×), ), 20.87, 21.89 (2×), 21.90, 24.96 (2×), 26.103 (2×) (L), 26.104 (2×), 26.105 (2×); braccio, 7.29; men-at-arms, gente d‘armi, gente d’arme, genti d’arme, 3.8, 3.10, 3.11, 13.56 (2×); arm (v.), armed, armare, armato, armo (L), 6.24, 7.30, 12.50 (4×), 12.51, 13.56 (2×), 13.57, 14.58 (4×), 20.83 (3×); disarm, disarmare, 20.83 (3×), 20.84; disarmed , disarmato (adj.), 6.24 (2×), 12.50, 20.83; unarmed, disarmato, 13.54, 14.58 (4×), 20.83, 20.84; very well armed, armatissimo, 12.50

army, esercito, 3.8, 3.9, 3.11, 4.18, 7.31, 7.32, 8.34, 9.41, 10.43, 10.44, 12.53, 13.54, 13.56 (2×), 14.59 (3×), 14.60 (2×), 16.64 (2×), 17.67 (3×), 17.68, 19.77, 19.78 (3×), 19.79 (3×), 19.80 (2×), 19.81 (3×), 21.88, 21.91, 24.97, 26.101, 26.104

arrangements, governi, 7.30. See also govern

art, arte, 9.40, 14.58 (4×), 19.76, 21.91, 25.99. See also cunning

artillery, artiglieria, 10.43

assert, asseverare, 18.70

associate, fare, compaguia, 21.90

astonish, attonito, 19.78

astuteness, astutely, astute, astuxia, 9.39. 9.40, 18.68, 18.69, 20.85; astute, astuto, 15.62; very astute, astutissima, 19.79

attack,★ offendere, 7.30, 21.90, 26.05. See also hurt; offend

auspices, auspizii, 26.105

authority, autorita, 3.11, 3.14, 4.17, 4.19, 7.30, 9.39, 9.42, 13.55, 19.74, 19.82

avarice, avarizia, 19.76 (2×); avaro, untranslated, 15.61. Cf revenge

avenge, vendicare, vendicarsi, 3.10, 17.68, 19.78

bad, cattivo, 17.67; bad, badly, malo, male, 7.33, 8.37, 8.38 (3×), 13.54, 17.65, 24.97, 26.104; tristo, 19.77 (2×),19.78, 21.91, 22.92, 23.95. For mal contento, see also content; for male, see also evil; ill; for mal resoluto, see also irresolute. Cf. malignity

barbarian, barbaro, barbarus (L), 26.101 (T), 26.102, 26.105

base, vile, 24.97; very base, vilissimo, 19.80 (2×); baseness, viltà, 19.81; debase, invilire, 13.56. See also cowardice

battalion, battaglia, 26.105

battle, giornata, 10.43, 14.59, 26.105; battle, zuffa, 12.53; battle, el corribatter[e], 26.105. Forgiornata, see also day; for combattere, see also combat; fight

beast, bestia, 18.69 (4×); bestial, bestiale, 19.80

beg, pregare, 6.24, 8.36. See also pray

beginning (n.), principio, 3.12 (2×), 8.38, 12.48, 12.51, 13.55, 13.57, 19.77, 19.78, 20.83, 20.85 (3×), 21.88, 24.96

believe, credere, 3.8, 6.23-24, 6.24 (5×), 7.33, 8.37, 9.40, 12.49, 17.66, 19.73 (3×), 20.84 (3×), 21.91, 24.97, 25.98, 25.99 (2×); belief, credernza, 3.8: unbeliever, discredente, 6.24; unbelieving, incredulo, 15.62; incredulity, incredulità, 6.23. Cf. credit; opinion; reputation; trust

belongings, suppellettile, ED.3. Cf. property

benefit,★ berrefizio, 3.13, 5.21, 7.33, 8.38, 10.44, 19.79, 26.102; benificare, 7.33, 8.38, 20.83; benefactor, beneficatore, 9.40

bit, freno, 19.75, 20.86. For freno, see also check; cf. bridle

blame (n.), blasimo, 3.15 (2×), 15.61; blame (v.), biasimare, biasimato, 3.13, 3.14, 20.87; blamed, vituperant(ur) (L), 15.61 (T); blame, blameable, carico, 19.75 (3×). See also burden; cf. insult

blood, sangue, 17.66, 19.81, 20.84, 24.96; bloodline, sangue, 1.5, 2.6, 3.9, 4.17, 4.18 (2×), 4.19, 5.21, 7.30; bloody, sanguinoso, 7.30. For sangue, see also life

body, corpo, 3.9, 8.34, 13.55, 14.59, 19.80, 26.105

born, nascere, 7.26, 8.34, 14.58, 19.74, 24.96

bought, meritare, 17.66. See also deserve, worthy

brain, cervello, 18.69, 22.92 (2×)

bridle, briglia, 20.86. Cf. bit, check

bring up, addurre, 6.22, 7.26, 23.94; bring up, allegare, 3.15. For allegare, see also cite

brother, fratello, 8.36, 19.80; Brother, fra’, 6.24

build, edificare, 6.25, 18.70, 20.83, 20.86, 20.87; building, edificazione, edifizio, 3.7, 6.25, 7.27, 25.98

burden (n.), carico, 22.93; burden (v.), gravare, 16.63 (2×), 19.78. For carico, see also blame; for gravare, see also grave

call, chiamare, 3.7, 3.16, 4.18, 7.26, 8.35, 8.36, 8.37, 9.39, 11.45, 13.54 (2×), 15.61, 17.68, 19.78, 19.82 (2×), 21.88

campaign (n.), impresa, 3.15, 7.28 (2×), ), 13.54, 16.63, 16.64, 21.88; campaign (n.), compagna, 14.59; campaign (v.), campeggiare,★ 12.53. For impresa, see also enterprise; undertaking; for campagna, see also country; field

capital, capitale, 14.60

captain (n.), capitano, 6.25, 8.35, 12.49 (3×), 12.50 (2×), 12.51 (3×), 12.52, 14.59, 19.78

capture, espugnazione, 7.28, 10.43, 19.81; capture (v.), espugnare, 12.51, 13.54

cardinal,★ cardinale, 3.16, 7.33, 11.47 (2×)

care, cura, ED.3 (2×), 14.59, 18.70; care (v.), curare, 11.45, 15.62, 16.63, 17.65, 17.67, 19.79. For curare, see also concern; cure

caress, vezzeggiare, 3.10

case,★ caso, 3.12, 6.24, 9.41, 9.42, 10.43(2×), 12.51, 16.64 (2×), 19.73, 21.89 (2×), 21.90, 23.95. See also chance

Castello, Castello, 20.86; castle, castello, 20.87

cause★ (n.), cagione, 2.7 (3×), 3.7, 3.8, 3.9 (2×), 3.10, 3.16, 4.18, 7.27, 7.33, 9.40, 11.45, 11.46 (2×), 12.48 (3×), 12.49, 13.56, 13.57, 14.58 (3×), 14.60, 17.67 (3×), 18.69 (2×), 19.75 (2×), 19.76 (2×), 19.77, 19.82, 20.85, 20.86 (2×), 24.96, 25.99; cause (n.), causa, 17.67; cause (v.), causare, 3.16 (3×), 9.39, 12.49

caution, respetto, 25.99, 25.100, 25.101; cautious, respettivo, 25.99 (2×), 25.100,25.101 (2×). See also concern; hesitate; regard; respect

cavalry, cavalleria, 26.105 (2×). Cf. horse

centurion, centurione, 19.79, 19.80

century, secolo, 12.50

chance, caso, 14.60; chance, sorte, 12.51, 23.95, 25.98. For caso, see also case; for sorte, see also sort

change (n.), variazione, 18.70, 23.94, 26.105; change (n.), mutazione, 2.7, 22.93; change (n.), alterazione, 4.18, 11.47. For variare, variazione, see also variation

charity, carità, 18.70. See also love

chastity, castità, 14.60

check (v.), frenare, 7.31; check (v.), tenere,★ 12.50; check (v.), raffrenare, 19.72; check (n.), freno, 19.76. For freno, see also bit; cf. bridle

child, figlinolo, 17.66; piccolo, 8.35. For figlinolo, see also son

choose, eleggere, 23.94; choice, elezione, 7.33 (2×), 13.54, 22.92 (2×), 23.93. See also elect

Christian, cristiano, 19.82, 21.88

church,★ chiesa, 3.14 (3×), 3.15, 3.16, 7.27 (2×), 7.28, 7.31, 11.45, 11.46, 11.47 (4×), 12.51, 12.52 (2×), 21.88, 26.102

cite, cite before, allegare, preallegare, 3.15, 13.55, 17.65. See also bring up

citizen, cittadino, 5.20, 8.34 (2×), 8,35, 8.36 (2×), 8.37 (2×), 9.38, 9.39, 9.41, 9.42 (5×), 10.44, 12.49, 12.50 (2×), 12.52 (2×), 13.57, 17.67, 20.84, 21.91. Cf city; civil

city,★ città, 5.20, 5.21, 7.30, 8.35 (2×), 8.36, 8.37 (2×), 9.39, 10.43, 10.44, 19.74, 21.91 (2×): civitas (L), 5.20 (T). Cf. citizen; civil

civil, civile, 7.30, 8.35, 8.37, 9.38, 9.39, 9.42, 21.89. Cf citizen; city

civil life, vita civile, 21.89

colony, colonia, 3.10 (3×), 3.11 (2×), 3.12, 3.15

color, colorire, 18.69, 18.70. See also pretext

combat (n.), combattere, 26.104; combat (v.). combattere, 18.69, 19.72. See also battle; fight

command (v.), comandare, 7.26, 7.29, 9.39 (3×), 9.41, 9.42, 14.58, 18.71, 26.101, 26.104; command (n.), comandamento, 9.42; command (n.), condotto,★ 7.28. Cf. emperor; empire; imperial; king; reign; rule

common, comune, 10.44, 24.96, 24.97

community, universalità, 17.66; community, università, 19.76, 19.77, 21.91, 26.102. See also general; universal

company, being in, fare compagnia, 19.73, 21.90. See also associate

concern,★ cura, 11.46 (2×), 19.75; concern,★ maneggio, 19.72; concern, ★ respetto, 3.9. For maneggio, respetto, see also care; cure; regard; respect

condemn, dannare, 17.67

condottiere, condottiere, 13.56

conduct (v,),★ governare, 7.32, 9.40, 14.60. See also govern

confess, confessare, 12.51, 15.62

confidence, confidenza, 17.66; have confidence, confidare, ED.3, 26.104. See also trust; cf, belief

conform, conformare, 14.60, 25.99; conformity, conformare, 25.100. Cf. disparity; form; unlike

conjecture, coniettura, 22.92, 25.98

conquer, conquered, vincere, 4.17, 6.24, 7.32; unconquerable, insuperabile, 13.57. See also defeat, win; cf. victor, victory

consent (v.), consentire, acconsentire , coraseratimento, 3.12, 3.15 (2×), 7.27, 7.33 (2×); consent (n.), consenso, 7.28. See also grant

conspire, coniurare, 19.72, 19.73 (4×), 19.74, 19.75; conspire, conspirare, cospirare, 8.37, 19.77, 19.80, 19.81; conspiracy, coniura, 19.72, 19.73 (2×), 19.74; conspirator, couiuranti, 19.73 (3×)

constitute, costituire, 19.75; constitute, fare, 23.93; constitution, costituzione, 6.24. For costituzione, see also institution; for costituire, see also establish

content, to become content, contentare, 4.18, 19.73, 20.86 (4×), 25.100; content, contento, 8.35, 19.72, 19.74 (2×); malcontent, mal contento, 3.11, 3.14, 4.18, 6.23, 8.37, 19.73 (2×). See also bad; evil

contract, contratto, 21.90

convenience, posta, “at his convenience” for a sua posta, 9.40, 17.68 (2×); inconvenience, inconveniente, 3.12, 21.91 (2×); incomodità, 11.46. For incomodità, see also advantage

corrupt, corrompere, 4.18 (2×), 19.77; corrupting, corruzione, 7.26; corrupter, corruttore, 17.68

council, concilio, 21.89; council, consiglio, 23.94. For consiglio, see also counsel

counsel (v.), consigliare, 23.95 (2×); take counsel, consigliarsi, 23.94, 23.95 (2×); counsel (n.), consiglio, 8.38, 9.40, 23.95(4×); counselor , consigliere, 23.95. For consiglio, see also council

country, countryside, paese, 3.8, 10.43, 10.44, 14.59; campagna, 25.99; provincia, 26.104. For campagna, see also campaign; field; for paese, see also landscape; for provincia, see also province

course,★ partito, 3.13 (2×), 3.14, 3.15, 13.54 (2×), 19.73, 19.76, 21.89, 21.91, 24.97. See also policy

court (n.), iudicio, iudizio, 7.30, 18.71. See also judge

covert, copertamente, 18.69

cowardice, cowardly, viltà, vile, 12.48, 20.83. See also base

create, recreate, creare, recreare, 5.20 (3×), 7.32 (2×), 7.33, 19.77 (2×); creation, creazione, 7.33

credit, credito, 4.18

criminal, scellerato, 8.34; crime, scelleratezza, 8.34, 8.35, 8.36, 8.37, 9.38; of crime, scellerato, 8.34; crimes, scelera (L), 8.34 (T)

cruel, cruelty, crudele, 7.29, 15.61, 17.65 (4×), 17.66, 17.67, 19.76, 19.80; very cruel, crudelissimo, 19.77, 19.81; cruelty,★ crudeltà, 7.30, 8.35, 8.37 (3×), 10.44, 17.65, 17.67, 19.76 (3×), 19.79, 19.81 (2×), 21.88, 26.102; cruelty, crudelitas (L), 17.65 (T)

crush, opprimere, 20.85, 21.90. See also oppress

cunning, arte, 8.36. See also art

cure (v.), curare, 3.12 (2×); cure (v.), guarire, 26.102. For curare, see also care, concern

custom, costume, 3.9 (3×), 12.51; custom, consuetudine, 20.86; customary, consueto, usarsi,★ 8.36; solere, ED.3, ED.4; customarily, solere, 9.41, 17.66. For consueto, solere, see also accustom

danger, pericolo, periculo, pericoloso, periculoso, ED.4, 4.17, 6.23, 6.24, 7.27, 7.29, 8.35 (3×), 9.41, 9.42 (3×), ), 12.48, 12.53, 13.54, 13.55 (4×), 13.56, 16.63, 17.66 (2×), 19.72, 19.73, 19.78, 20.83, 21.90, 23.93

day,★ giornata, 12.52. See also battle

death, morte, 7.31 (2×), 7.32 (2×), 9.42, 11.47, 12.50, 17.67, 19.73, 19.75, 19.78, 19.79; death, mors (L), 4.16 (T); death, morire, 19.77, 19.78 (2×), 19.79 (3×), ), 19.80 (2× See also die; kill

debate (v.), disputare, 2.6. See also dispute

deceive, deceived, ingannare, ingannarsi, 3.8 (2×), 7.33, 8.37, 9.41 (2×), 18.70 (3×), 19.72, 19.78, 22.92, 23.93, 23.95; deceit, inganno, 7.29, 18.70

decent, onesto, 9.39, 19.77; decency, onestà, 9.39; indecent, disoneste, 21.90. See also honest; cf. honorable

decide, deliberare, 7.28, 8.34 (2×), 19.78, 23.94 (2×); decide, volere, 3.13, 7.27 (2×); decision, deliberare, deliberazione, 3.14, 19.78, 19.79, 20.83, 21.89, 23.94, 23.95

deed, opera, 6.24, 7.27, 14.59 (2×), 16.63, 19.77 (2×), 20.85, 22.92. See also work

defeat (v.), rompere,★ 4.18, 8.35, 13.54, 20.84; defeat (v.), vincere, 4.18, 19.79, 21.89, 24.97; defeated, battuto, 3.11, 12.52. For vincere, see also conquer; overcome; win; cf. victor; victory

defend, difendere, defendere, 3.14, 6.24, 8.35, 8.37, 9.39, 9.41, 11.45, 11.47, 12.48, 12.50, 13.54 (2×), 13.57, 16.63, 16.64, 18.69 (2×), 18.71, 19.72, 19.73 (2×), 19.79, 20.84, 21.89, 23.93 (3×), 24.97, 26.104; defend, difensione, 10.42; defense, difesa, difendere, 8.35, 10.44 (3×), 11.46, 12.48, 14.59, 24.96, 24.97 (2×); defender, defensore 3.11, 6.23; undefended, indifeso, 11.45

demonstrate, dimostrare, 6.23, 12.49, 25.98

deserve, meritare, 3.15 (2×); deserve, avere merito, 20.83; deserving, degno, 6.22, 7.29, 19.80; undeservedly, indegnamente, ED.4; undeserving, indegna, ED.3. For meritare, degno, see also bought; merit; worthy; cf. indignation

desire (n.), desiderio, ED.4, 5.21, 25.100; desire (v.), desiderare, ED.3 (2×), 3.14, 4.18, 9.39 (2×), 15.61, 17.65, 22.93 (2×), 25.100

desperate, to make, desperare, 19.74. Cf. hope

die, morire, 4.17, 7.31 (3X), 7.32 (4×), 8.36, 9.42, 12.49, 12.50, 19.77, 20.87, 26.105; die out, spegnere, 26.103; dead, morto, 4.19, 8.35, 8.37, 19.74. See also kill; cf. homicide

dignity, dignita, 19.78, 19.80, 21.91; dignity, dignitas (L), 21.90. Cf. disdain; indignation; worthy

discipline, disciplina, 8.36, 12.48, 12.53, 14.58, 17.68, 18.69

discord, discordare, 25.99, 25.101

discourse (v.), discorrere, 11.45, 12.48 (2×), 12.52, 19.71; discourse (n.), discorso, 19.81, 19.82. For discorrere, see also discuss; review

discuss, discorrere, ED.4, 3.9, 4.19, 6.24, 7.27, 10.43, 11.46, 15.61, 19.75, 19.80, 20.86, 24.96, 25.99, 26.101; discussion, ragionamento, 8.36, 8.37, 25.100. For discorrere, see also discourse; review; cf. reason

disdain, disprezzo, 19.77, 19.82; disdain, dedfgnazione, 19.80. Cf. dignity; indignation; scorn; worthy

disparity, disformita, 3.9 (2×), 4.19; disparate, disforme, 3.9, 3.11, 3.13. See also unlike; cf. conform

dispute (v.), disputare, 15.61; dispute (n.), disputa, 17.66. For disputare, see also debate

dissension, dissensione, 17.67

dissimulate, dissimulare, 7.29; dissimulator, dissimulatore, 17.66, 18.70

dominion, dominio, 1.5, 1.6, 2.7 (2×), 24.97; dominion, dominare, 3.9; dominion, dominazione, 20.86; domination, dominio, 26.105. For imperio, see also empire; power; cf. imperial

doubtful, dabbio, dubio, 6.23, 13.55, 21.91; without doubt, sanza, senza dubbio, 20.85, 23.95. For dubitare, see also fear; hesitate; question

dread, paura, 17.67. See also afraid; fear

duke,★ duca, 2.7, 3.9, 3.13, 7.26 (2×), 7.27 (3×), 7.28 (5×), 7.29 (4×), 7.30 (2×), 7.31, 7.32, 7.33 (2×), 11.46 (4×), 11.47, 12.50, 12.51, 13.55 (2X), 14.58 (2×), 20.86, 21.90, 24.96; duchy, ducato, 7.28, 7.29. Cf. lord; master

duty, offizio, 7.29, 8.36. See also office

effect, effetto, 9.39, 17.67, 23.94, 25.99

effeminate, effeminato, 6.23, 15.62, 19.72, 19.77, 20.84

efficacy, efficacia, 18.70

elect, eleggere, 19.80; elected, eletto, 19.78 (2×), 19.82. For eleggere, see also choose

eliminate, spegnere, 2.7,3.9 (3×), 3.10, 3.15, 4.18 (3×), 4.19 (2×), 5.21 (2×), 6.23, 6.24, 6.25, 7.26, 7.28 (2×), 7.29, 7.30, 7.31, 7.32 (2×), 8.38, 11.46 (2×), 11.47 (3×), 13.55, 13.56 (2×), 16.63, 18.69, 19.81, 25.98. See also die

emperor, imperadore, imperatore, 7.26, 10.43, 12.52, 13.54, 19.75 (3×), 19.76 (3×), 19.77, 19.78 (4×), 19.82, 23.94 (2×). Cf command; empire; imperial; king; reign; rule

empire, imperio, 1.5, 4.19, 6.23, 7.26, 7.31, 7.32, 8.35, 12.50, 12.52, 13.57 (2×), 16.64 (2×), 17.68, 19.75 (2×), 19.77 (2×), 19.78 (2×), 19.80 (2×), 19.81 (2×). See also power; cf. command; emperor; imperial; king; reign; rule

employ,★ operare, 12.49. See also work

enslaved, stiavo, 6.23, 12.53, 26.102 (2×). Cf. servant

enterprise, impresa, 3.15, 4.18, 11.47, 12.51, 21.87, 21.88, 25.100 (2×), 26.105; undertake enterprises, fare imprese, 20.85, 21.88. See also campaign; undertaking

envy, invidia, 3.11, 6.25, 7.31, 26.105

equal, equally, equale, equalmente, 9.39, 25.99; equal, retto, 7.32. For equalmente, see also identically

err, errare, 3.10, 7.33, 17.68

error, errore, 3.13, 3.14, 3.15 (3×), 7.30, 12.51, 13.56, 17.68, 22.92, 23.93

establish,★ osservare, 3.10; establish, costituire, 8.34. For osservare, see also observe; for costituire, see also constitute

evil, male, 3.12, 3.13 (2×), 8.37, 8.38, 9.40, 10.44 (2×), 13.57, 14.58, 18.70, 19.73, 22.92. See also bad; ill; irresolute; malcontent; cf. malignity

exalt, esaltare, 11.45. See also extol

examine, esaminare, ED.3, 3.13, 6.23, 6.24, 9.40, 10.42, 14.60, 19.79

example, esemplo,3.12, 4.17, 6.22, 6.25 (2×), 7.26, 7.27, 7.33, 8.34, 12.52, 13.54, 13.55, 13.57, 17.65, 18.69, 18.70, 19.74, 19.75, 20.84, 20.86, 21.87, 21.88 (2×), 21.90, 21.91, 23.94, 24.96, 26.103; example, exemplum (L), 2.7, 5.20, 12.50; example, esempio, 13.54; for example, verbigrazia, 14.59

excellent,★ eccellente, 6.22, 6.23, 7.30, 8.36, 12.49, 14.60 (2×),19.72, 21.89, 21.91, 22.92, 26.104; most excellent, eccellentissimo, 6.22, 7.30, 8.35 (2×), 19.79, 22.92

excess, eccesso, 19.73; excessive,★ eccessivo, 2.7, 7.30

excuse (n.), scusa, 3.15, 25.101; excuse (v.), scusare, 20.83; escurare, 3.15, 17.68

execution, esecuzione, 17.66, 19.73

expectation, opinione, 13.54. See also opinion

experience, esperienza, ED.3, 3.8, 3.16, 6.24, 12.50, 18.69, 19.73, 26.104; experience, practica, 14.59. For esperienza, see also experiment; test

experiment, esperienza, 26.105. See also experience; test

external, esterno, 7.29, 8.37, 19.72, 20.84. See also foreign; outside

extol, esaltare, 22.92. See also exalt

extraordinary, estraordinario, 2.7 (2×), 7.27, 16.63, 19.76, 21.88, 21.89, 26.103; extraordinarily, estraordiamente, 16.63, 19.81. Cf. ordinary; order

faction, fazione, 11.46 (2×), 11.47

failure, infelicità, 12.49. See also happy

faith, fede, 3.15 (2×), 8.35, 12.48, 12.51, 17.65, 18.68, 18.69 (2×), 18.70 (2×), 18.71, 19.73, 20.83, 20.85, 26.105; fides (L), 18.68 (T); faithful, fedele, 3.10, 7.26, 7.28, 9.42, 15.62, 18.70, 20.83 (2×); infede, 17.65; fide, 26.104; fidele, 22.92 (2×); faithfully, con fede, 20.85; infidel, infidele, 13.55; infidelity, infidelità, 18.70; unfaithful, infedele, 7.32, 12.48, 13.55; breaker of faith, fedifrago, 15.62. Cf. trust; believe

fame, fama, 17.68, 21.88, 21.89; fama (L), 13.57. Cf. infamy

father, padre, 7.27, 7.32, 12.50, 13.56, 13.57, 17.67, 19.74, 19.80, 24.97; fatherless, sanza padre, 8.35; Father, Pre’, 23.94; grandfather, avolo, 19.74. Cf. maternal; mother; parricide; patrimony

fatherland, patria, 6.23 (2×), 8.34, 8.36, 8.37, 9.38, 9.41, 26.105

fault, colpa, 7.27

favor (n.), grazia, ED.3, 4.17 (2×), 7.26, 7.33, 19.75; favor (v.), favorire, 12.51, 19.75 (3×); unfavorable, non buono, 22.92. For grazia, see also grace; for favorire, favore, see also support

fear (v.), temere, 3.10, 3.11, 4.18 (2×), 7.27, 7.32, 7.33, 9.39, 9.40 (2×), 10.43, 12.51 (2×), 12.52, 17.66 (3×), 17.67 (2×), 17.68 (2×), 19.73 (3×), 19.74, 19.79 (3×), 19.81, 21.89, 21.91, 22.93; fear (v.), dubitare, 4.18, 7.30, 7.31, 15.61; fear (n.), paura, 3.11, 6.23, 7.31, 7.33, 8.37, 12.53, 19.72, 19.73, 19.75, 19.81, 20.86 (2×), 21.91, 25.100, 25.101; fear (n.), sospetto, 21.88; fear (n.), timore, 3.10, 10.44, 12.48, 17.67, 19.78, 21.91; feared, timeo (L), 17.65 (T); fearful, pauroso, 3.14; fearsome, pauroso, 8.37; make oneself feared, si fare paura, 17.66; For paura, see also afraid; dread; for dubitare, see also hesitate; question

ferocious, feroce, 25.101; fierce, feroce, 15.62, 19.79; ferocity, ferocità, 7.30; ferocity, ferocia, 7.31, 19.79, 19.81, 25.100

fever, febbre, 13.57

few,★ pochi, 4.17, 7.28, 8.38, 9.39, 9.41, 9.42, 12.53, 13.57, 16.63 (2×), 18.71 (4×), 19.72, 19.73, 26.104; very few, pochissimi, 7.31, 9.39, 17.65. See also little; oligarchical

field, campagna, 4.18, 4.19, 10.43, 24.97. See also campaign; country

fight (v.), combattere, 4.19, 12.51, 13.56, 19.80, 21.90; fight (v.), fare una giornata, 10.43; fight (v.), militare, 8.36, 13.56, 17.67; fighting, militava, 8.34. For combattere, see also battle; combat; for militare, see also soldier

fitting, conveniente, 15.61, 19.82. See also convenience; suitable

force (v.), forzare, 3.13, 6.23, 6.24 (2×), 8.38, 11.47, 16.64, 19.76, 19.77, 20.85; force (n.), forza, 2.7, 3.8, 3.11 (2×), 3.15, 3.16, 4.18, 7.26, 7.29, 7.31 (2×), 11.46 (2×), 13.57, 18.69, 20.84, 26.104; force, vis (L), 10.42 (T), 13.57; by force, per forza, 6.24, 7.32. Cf. strength

foreign, esterno, 12.50; foreign, forestiero, 3.12; foreigner, esterno, 26.104; foreign, forestiero, 3.11 (2×), 3.15, 11.46, 12.49, 12.52, 13.54, 20.86, 20.87 (4×). For esterno, see also external; outside

form (n.), forma, 6.23, 26.102, 26.104. Cf. conform

former,★ antiquo, 4.19, 7.28. See also ancient; antiquity; old

fortify, fortificare, 10.43 (3×). Cf. fortress; strength

fortress,★ fortezza, 20.83, 20.84, 20.86 (5×), 20.87 (6×); fortress, arces (L), 20.83 (T). See also strength; cf. fortify

fortune, fortuna, ED.4 (2×), 1.6, 3.9, 6.22 (3×), 6.23, 6.25 (2×), 7.25, 7.26 (4×), 7.27 (3×), 7.28, 7.31, 7.32, 8.34 (2×), 8.35 (2×), 9.39, 9.40, 11.45, 11.46, 12.51, 13.54, 13.56, 13.57, 14.58, 14.60, 17.67, 18.70, 20.85, 21.89, 21.90, 24.97, 25.98 (3×), 25.99 (2×), 25.100, 25.101 (2×), 26.102 (2×), 26.104; fortune, fortuna (L), 7.25 (T), 25.98 (T); fortunate, fortunata, 9.39

found (v.), fondare, 6.22, 6.23, 8.38, 9.41 (3×), 9.42, 12.48, 17.66, 17.68,18.69, 19.75, 19.82, 23.95, 26.104; founder, fondatore, 6.23

foundation, fondamento, 6.25, 7.26, 7.27, 7.29, 7.32 (2×), 9.41 (2×), 12.48 (2×), 21.88 (2×), 26.104; great foundation, granfondamento, 7.27; to the foundation, funditus (L), 20.86

fraud, fraude, 7.32

free (adj.), libero, 1.6, 3.9, 5.20 (2×), 5.21 (2×), 12.50; very free, liberissimo, 10.43, 12.50; freely, liberamente,23.94; free (v.), liberare, 8.35; liberta (L), 26.101 (T); free will, libero arbitrio, 25.98, 26.103; freedom, libero arbitrio, 23.94. Cf. liberal; liberate; liberty; will

frighten, sbigottire, 9.41, 11.47, 18.69. See also terrible

future, futuro, 3.8, 3.12, 7.27 (2×), 7.31, 8.36

gain,★ guadagnare, 3.11, 3.13, 5.21, 7.28, 7.29, 7.30, 7.32, 8.35, 8.38, 9.40 (2×), 11.47, 20.83, 20.86; regain, riguadagnare, 3.13. See also win; cf. acquire

general, generale, 3.16, 23.95; in general, in universale, 18.71, 25.99; generally, generalmente, 12.48, 17.66; generality, generalità, 19.71; universalità, 19.72; the people generally, università, universale, 19.73, 19.76; generality of people, universale, 9.41, 19.75. See also community; universal

generate, generare, 7.30; generate, concepere, 20.84; regeneration, generazione, 26.105. See also kind

gentleman, gentry, gentile uomo, 7.28 (2×), 7.31 (2×), 12.51

glory, gloria, 7.26, 8.35, 14.60, 17.68 (2×), 21.88, 24.96, 25.99, 26.103; glorify, gloriare, 14.60; glorious, glorioso, 19.82; gloriously, gloriosamente, 12.51

God, god, Dio, 6.22 (2×), 8.38, 11.45, 12.48, 25.98, 26.102 (3×), 26.103 (3×)

gold, oro, ED.3

goodness, bontà, 11.47, 19.77

govern, governare, 2.6, 4.17 (4×), 4.18, 11.45, 12.52, 12.53, 19.74 (2×), 19.77, 21.88, 23.95, 25.98 (3×), 25.100; ungoverned, non governato, 11.45; for governing, al governo, 19.74; governing (n.), governi, 10.43; government, governo, ED.4, 4.17, 4.19, 7.28, 7.29, 8.37, 12.52, 15.61, 17.67, 17.68, 19.74, 19.81 (2×), 25.100; governor, governatore, 23.95. For governare, see also conduct; for governo, see also arrangements

grace, grazia, 6.22. See also favor; grateful

grant, consentire, 7.28. See also consent

grateful, conoscente, 19.79; grado, 8.38; ungrateful, ingrato, 17.66; ingratitude, ingratitudine, 19.79, 21.90. For grado, see also rank

grave, grave, 8.36, 15.62, 19.79; grave one, gravo, 3.10; gravity, gravità, ED.4, 19.72. See also burden; slow

happy, felice, 6.23 (2×), 6.25, 11.45, 19.82, 25.99, 25.100, 25.101; happy, felicitando, 25.100; happily, felicemente, 19.78; unhappy, infelice, 19.82, 25.99, 25.101; unhappiness, infelicità, 14.58; be happy (v.), felicitare, 25.99 (2×). For infelicità, see also failure

hate, odiare, 10.43, 17.67, 19.73 (2×), 19.76 (2×), 19.77, 19.79, 19.80, 20.87 (3×); hate, avere in odio, 20.87; make hated, fare odiare, 2.7, 10.44, 19.75; hate, fare odioso, 16.63, 19.72, 19.80; hated, odioso, 16.65; hatred, odio, 5.21, 7.30, 7.33, 16.65 (2×), 17.67, 17.68, 19.74, 19.75, 19.76, 19.77 (3×), 19.79, 19.81, 19.82, 20.83, 20.87; hatred, odio (L.), 19.71 (T); hateful, odioso, 7.30, 16.65, 19.72; most hateful, odiosissimo, 19.79

head, capo★, 3.11, 4.18, 6.23, 7.28, 7.29, 11.47, 12.50, 13.55, 13.56, 19.78, 26.102, 26.103, 26.104 (2×)

heart, core, 9.41; heart, cor, 26.105

heir, erede, 11.47, 19.82. Cf. hereditary

hereditary, ereditario, hereditario, 1.5 (2×), 2.6, 19.77, 19.80, 19.82 (3×), 20.85, 24.96; hereditary, hereditariis (L), 2.6 (T). See also heir; cf. right, hereditary

hesitate, dubitare, 10.44, 13.55; hesitation, rispetto, respetto, 3.10, 10.43, 15.62, 17.66, 21.89, 23.95; hesitant, respettivo, 3.8; hesitant, con respetto, 7.33. For dubitare, see also doubtful; fear; question; for rispetto, respetto, see also concern; regard; respect

history, istoria, 13.54, 14.60, 20.84

Holiness, Santità, 11.47

homage, servitù, ED.3; homage, ossequio, 26.105. Cf. servant

homicide, omicidio, 8.37, 19.74. Cf. die; kill

honest, intero, 15.62, 18.70; total, intero, 13.55; honesty, integrità, 18.70; honestly, con integrità, 18.68

honor (n.), onore, 8.36 (2×), 9.40, 19.72, 22.93 (3×), 26.102, 26.103; honorable, onorevole, 8.36, 18.71; honor (v.), onorare, ED.4, 6.25, 7.28, 9.40, 12.53, 21.88, 21.91, 22.93, 26.101, 26.104; honorably, onoratamente, 8.36 (2×); most honorably, onoratissimo, 19.77

hope (v.), to put hope in, sperare, 4.18 (4×), 9.40, 11.47, 19.73 (2× ), 22.92, 24.97, 26.102, 26.103; hope (n.), speranza, 10.44, 26.105; spes (L), 26.103. Cf. desperate

horse, cavallo, ED.3, 7.29, 12.53, 19.81, 26.104, 26.105; horseman, cavallo, 8.36; on horse, a cavallo, 8.37. Cf. cavalry

human, umano, 11.45, 15.62, 25.98, 25.100; human, humanus (L), 25.98 (T); inhuman, inumano, 17.67. See also humane

humane, umano, 15.62, 18.70, 19.76; humanity, umanità, ED.3, 14.60, 17.66, 18.70 (2×), 21.91; inhumanity, inumanità, 8.35. See also human

humor, umore, 9.39, 19.76, 19.77

hurt,★ offendere, 3.15, 8.37, 13.55, 16.63, 17.66 (2×), 19.79, 20.86; unhurt, inoffeso, 3.10. See also attack; offend

identically, equalmente, 25.99. See also equal

idle, idly, ozioso, 10.44, 14.60. See also leisure

illness, male, 3.12; ill, male, 6.24, 12.48, 21.89

imagine, imaginare, 15.61 (2×); imagination, imaginazione, 15.61

imitate, imitare, 6.22 (2×), 7.29, 8.34, 14.60 (3×), 19.78, 19.82 (3×); imitation, imitazione, 6.22, 14.60; to be imitated, imitabile, 7.32

imperial, imperiale, 19.80 (2×). Cf. command; emperor; empire; imperial; king; reign; rule

impetuosity, impeto, 25.99, 25.100 (2×); impetuous,★ impetuoso, 25.99, 25.100, 25.101; impetuously, impetuosamente, 25.100; impetus, impeto, 25.98 (3×). See also thrust, uprising

indignation, sdegno, 19.81. See also disdain; scorn; cf. dignity; worthy

industry, industria, 2.6, 3.9, 3.12, 3.16, 10.43, 12.53 (2×), 14.60, 19.76

infamy, infamia, 14.58, 15.62 (2×), 16.63 (2×), 16.65 (2×), 17.65, 19.72. Cf. fame

infantry, fanteria, 12.53, 13.56 (2×), 26.104, 26.105 (3×); infantry, fanto, 3.10, 12.53 (2×), 13.56, 19.81, 26.104, 26.105

infinite, infinito, 3.8, 3.11, 4.18, 7.29, 8.35, 8.37, 11.47, 16.63, 17.67 (2×), 18.69, 19.73, 19.74 (2×), 19.79

injure, iniuriare, 19.76, 25.100; injury, iniuria, 3.8, 7.33, 8.38 (2×), 9.39, 19.78, 19.79

innovate, innovare, 4.18, 21.88; innovation, innovazione, 2.7; innovator , innovatore, 6.24. See also new; cf. renew

insolent, insolente, 19.76; insolence, insolenzia, 7.29, 17.68, 19.75, 19.76, 24.97

inspire, animare, 9.4, 21.91. See also spirit

instability, variazioni, 3.7; unstable, instabile, 7.26; unstable, instabile (L), 13.57. For variazione, see also change; variation

institution, costituzione, 19.74; institution, ordine, 10.44

insult, insolenzia, 26.102. See also insolence; cf. blame

intent, animo, 7.29, 7.30, 19.73; intent, intento, 11.46, 15.61; intention, intenzione, 7.32, 12.49. See also mind; spirit; cf. magnanimous; pusillanimous

internal, intrinseca, 20.86

irresolute, mal resoluto, 21.90. For male, see also evil

judge (v) , giudicare, ED.3; judge (v.), iudicare, 7.27, 7.29, 7.30, 7.32, 8.34, 8.35, 8.38, 10.43 (2×), 12.52, 13.55 (2×), 18.71 (2×), 19.75, 19.77, 19.78, 20.83, 20.85, 20.86, 22.92, 25.98 (2×), 25.100, 25.101, 26.102; without a trial, iniudicato, 19.77; judge (n.), iudice, 19.75; judgment, iudicio, 22.92; iudizio, 22.92; sentenzia, 13.57, 19.72, 20.83. For iudizio, iudicio, see also court; cf. just

just, iusto, 26.103, 26.105; iustus (L), 26.103; justice, giustizia, 21.90; justice, iustizia, 19.76, 26.103; justification, iustificazione, 17.67. For iusto, see also adequate; cf. judge

kill, ammazzare, 7.31, 8.35, 8.37, 12.52, 12.53, 19.74 (2×), 19.77, 19.79 (2×), 19.81; be killed, morire, 19.75; be killed, uccidere, 8.34; killing (n.), occisione, 17.65, 19.79. For morire, see also die; cf. homicide

kind★ (n.),generazione, 17.67, 18.69, 22.92; kind★ (n.), genera (L), 1.5 (T), 12.48 (T); kind★ (n.), qualità, 11.45, 16.63, 19.78; ragione, 7.29 (2×); diverse kinds, diversità, 4.17. For generazione, see also generate; for qualità, see also quality; for ragione, see also reason

king, re, 1.6, 3.13 (2×), 3.14 (4×), 3.15, 4.17 (3×), 6.23, 7.28 (3×), 7.30 (2×), 7.33, 8.34, 11.45 (2×), 11.46, 12.49, 12.50, 13.54, 16.63, 16.64, 19.74, 19.75 (3×), 21.88 (3×), 24.96, 25.100 (3×), 25.101; of being a king, regnandum (L.), 6.25; King, re, 3.13 (2×), 3.15, 3.16, 7.28, 13.56 (2X); kingdom, regno, 1.6, 3.12, 3.14 (2×), 3.15, 4.17 (2×), 4.18 (4×), 4.19 (2×), 6.22, 7.30, 7.31, 7.33, 12.50, 12.51, 13.56 (2×), 13.57, 19.74 (2×), 19.75, 19.81, 19.82, 21.88, 24.97, 25.100; kingdom, regnum (L.), 4.16 (T), 6.25, 17.66; kingdom, Reame, 26.102; kingly, regio, 7.29. Cf queen

knowledge,★ cognizione, ED.3, 14.59 (4×)

land, terra, 3.14, 17.67; on land, in terra, 12.51 (3×). See also town

landscape, paese, ED.4. See also country; cf. land

language, lingua, 3.9 (3×), 15.61

lasciviousness, lascivo, 15.62

law, legge, 3.9, 5.20 (3×), 6.23, 12.48 (4×), 12.50, 18.69, 19.73, 24.96, 26.104; legibus (L), 5.20 (T)

lead,★ governare, 3.12, 7.32, 9.40, 12.53, 14.60, 17.67. See also conduct; govern

legate, legato, 17.68 (2×), 21.89 (2×)

leisure, ozroso, 4.19, 21.88. See also idle

liberal, liberale, 7.32, 15.61, 16.62, 16.63, 16.64 (3×); very liberal, liberalissimo, 16.64; liberality, /iberalità, 14.60, 16.62, 16.63 (2×), 16.64 (5×), 16.65; liberality, del liberale, 16.63 (4×), 16.65; liberality, liberalitate (L.), 16.62 (T). Cf. free; liberty; liberate; will

liberate, liberare, 9.41, 13.56. Cf. free; liberal; liberty; will

liberty, libertà, 5.20, 5.21 (2×), 8.36, 9.39, 12.50, 19.74. Cf. free; liberal; liberate; will

license, licenzia, 9.39, 17.68; in license, licenziosamente, 19.77; licentious , licenzioso, 19.80. See also wanton

life, vita, 5.21, 6.23, 7.32, 8.34, 10.13, 11.16, 14.60 (2×), 17.66, 19.75, 19.76, 19.77, 19.79, 25.101, 26.103; sangue, 17.67 (2×). For sangue, see also blood

little, pochi, 8.35. See also few: oligarchical

live freely, vivere libero, 3.9, 5.20, 5.21 (2×)

lord, signore, 1.5, 3.8 (2×), 3.13, 3.14 (2×), 3.15, 4.17 (5X), 4.18, 4.19, 7.27, 7.29, 7.31 (3×), 11.45, 18.69, 19.81, 19.82 (2×), 22.92, 24.96; become lord, insignorirsi, 7.27, 19.78. See also Signor; cf. master

love (n.), amore, 4.17, 12.48, 17.66, 17.67, 21.90, 26.105; love (n.), carità, 10.44; love (v.), amare, 2.7, 3.10, 4.17, 7.32, 9.40, 17.66 (3×), 17.68 (2×), 19.76 (3×), 19.79; love, amari (L), 17.65 (T); lover, arnatore, 19.76, 21.91. For carità, see also charity

Madonna, madonna, 3.13. Cf. woman

magistracy, magistrate, magistrato, 8.37, 9.41, 9.42 (3×)

magnanimous, magnanimo, 7.32. Cf. intent; pusillanimous; spirit

magnificent, magnifico, ED.3 (T), ED.3 (2×), ED.4 (3×)

majesty, maestà, 18.71, 19.73, 19.80, 21.91, 23.94

malcontent, mal contento, 3.11, 19.73 (2×). For contento, see also content; for male, see also evil

malignity, malignità, ED.4, 7.27. Cf. bad; evil

man, uomo, passim.; men, gente, 7.28, 8.35, 13.54; men-at-arms, gente d’arme, 3.8, 3.10, 3.11, 13.56 (2×); men, wise, savi, 3.13. For gente, see also troops

manage, maneggiare, 3.13, 6.23, 9.39, 10.43, 13.55, 16.64, 20.85

manoeuvers, maneggi, 26.103

marriage, matrimonio, 3.15, 7.28

marvel (v.) maravigliare, 4.16, 4.19, 6.21, 19.79; marvel (n.), maraviglia, 26.103; marvelous, maraviglioso, 19.79, 26.103

master (n.), maestro, 8.37. Cf. Signor; lord

maternal, materno, 8.35. Cf. mother; father

matter, materia, ED.4, 3.16, 6.23, 7.29, 15.61, 19.73, 19.74 (2×), 19.82, 20.83, 20.85, 21.89, 26.102, 26.104

medicine, medicina, 3.8, 3.12

memory, memoria, 2.7, 4.17, 4.19 (2×), 5.21, 7.26, 11.45, 13.56, 17.68, 19.74

mercenary, mercenario, 12.48 (3×), 12.49 (3×), 12.50 (3×), 12.52, 13.54, 13.55 (4×), 13.56, (3×), 13.57, 20.84; mercenary, mercenariis (L), 12.48 (T)

mercy,★ pietà, 8.35, 17.65 (2×), 17.68, 18.70; mercy, pietate, 17.65; merciful, pietoso, 15.62, 17.65 (3×), 18.70. For pietà, see also piety

merit, merito (n.) 3.12, 8.34. Cf. deserve; worthy

military, militare, 8.37, 10.44, 12.53, 17.68, 19.76, 19.79, 24.97, 26.103; military, milizia, 6.25, 7.32, 8.34, 8.35, 8.36 (2×), 12.52, 13.56, 14.58, 17.68, 20.84, 21.88; military, militae, 12.48; military, militibus (L), 12.52; military, militiam (L), 14.58 (T). For militare, see also fight; soldier; for militibus (L), see also soldier

mind, anirno, 7.28 (2×), 21.88 (2×); mind, mente, 11.45, 14.59, 14.60. For animo, see also spirit; intent; cf. magnanimous; pusillanimous

minister, ministro (n.), 4.17 (2×), 7.30, 22.92 (5×), 22.93 (6×). Cf. administer

miracle, miracolo, 3.16; miraculous, miracoloso, 12.52

mixed, misto, 3.7, 12.48 (2×), 13.56, 17.67; mixed, mixtus (L), 13.54 (T); mixed, mixtis (L), 3.7 (T)

mode, modo, passim; his own mode, a suo modo, 23.94 (2×), 25.101. See also suitable

modern, moderno, ED.3, 8.34, 18.69, 20.86. 23.94

monarchy, monarchia, 4.17. Cf. king; queen

mother, madre, 19.77. Cf. father; maternal

multitude, moltitudine, 4.17, 6.24, 17.67

name (v.), nominare, 13.55, 13.57, 18.71, 26.103; name (v.), prenominare , 12.48, 19.82, 26.103; name (n.), nome, 5.21 (2×), 16.63 (4X),16.64, 16.65 (3X), 17.65, 17.66, 17.67 (2×)

nature,★ natura, ED.4 (2×), 4.18, 6.24, 7.26, 7.30, 10.44, 14.59 (2×), 17.68 (2×), 18.69, 18.70, 19.76, 19.78, 23.95, 25.99, 25.100 (3×); natural, naturale, 2.7, 3.7, 3.8, 3.14, 4.17, 9.40, 20.86; naturally, naturalmerate, 2.7

necessary, necessario, 3.10, 3.15, 4.18, 4.19, 6.23, 6.24, 7.27, 7.29, 7.30, 7.32, 8.36, 8.38, 9.39, 9.41, 12.48, 14.59, 15.61, 15.62, 16.63,16.64 (2×), 17.67, 18.69, 18.70 (4×), 19.73, 19.75, 19.76, 19.78, 19.81 (3×), 19.82 (2×), 20.83, 20.84 (3×), 20.85, 25.101, 26.102 (2×), 26.104 (2×); necessary, necessarium (L), 26.103; be necessary, necessitare, 3.14, 7.31, 8.34, 8.35, 8.38, 9.40, 10.43, 12.52, 16.63, 16.65, 18.69, 18.70 (2×), 19.79; necessity , necessita, 2.7, 3.7, 3.15, 8.35, 8.38 (2×), 10.42, 10.43, 12.48, 13.56, 15.61, 18.70, 20.85, 21.90, 22.92, 23.95

nephew, nipote, 8.36

neutral, neutrale, 21.89 (2×), 21.90

neutrality, neutralità, 21.90

new, nuovo, passim. Cf. innovate

noble, nobile, 12.52; ennobled, nobilitato, 6.23, 26.105; nobility, nobilità, 17.66

oath, giuramento, 18.70

obey, obedire, 4.17, 5.21, 8.37, 9.39, 9.42 (2×), 10.43, 12.51, 14.58, 18.70, 26.104; bring to obey, viene alla obedienza, 12.50; resolved to obey, alla obedienzia, 13.55; obedience, obedienza, 7.29, 26.105

oblige, obligate, obligare, 13.56, 22.93, 24.96; obligation, obligo, 7.33, 8.34, 10.44, 17.66, 20.83, 21.90; obligated, obligato, 3.8, 4.18, 20.83; be obligated, obligarsi, 9.40 (5×), 10.44; obliged, obligato, 13.57; release (v.), disobligare, 11.46. See also pledge

observe, osservare, 3.11, 3.14, 3.16 (3×), 6.24, 8.38,14.60, 15.62, 18.69 (3×), 18.70 (3×), 18.71,19.73, 24.96 (2×); observance, osservanzia, 18.69. For osservare, see also establish

obstinate, ostinato, 19.73, 19.79, 23.94, 25.101, 26.104, 26.105

offend, offendere, 2.7, 3.8 (2×), 3.10 (4×), 3.11, 7.32, 7.33 (4×), 8.38, 13.55, 16.63, 17.66, 19.73, 20.83, 23.94; offense, offesa, 3.10 (2×), 8.38, 12.48. See also attack, hurt

office, offizio, 11.45, 12.49; official (n.), officiale, 3.10; official (n.), offiziale, 4.17. For offizio, see also duty

old, vecchio, 3.9, 5.21, 6.23, 6.25, 7.33, 12.48, 13.56, 19.77, 19.82 (2×), 20.84; old, antiquo, 7.32; old, antico, 6.25; grown old, antiquato, 11.45, 24.96. For antiquo, antico, see also ancient

oligarchical, di pochi, 5.20 (2×). For pochi, see also few; little

opinion, opinione, 3.8, 9.41, 13.57, 14.60, 18.71, 19.72 (2×), 19.75, 19.80, 20.83, 20.85, 23.94, 23.95, 25.98 (3×). See also expectation; cf. believe; reputation; trust

opportunity, occasione, 3.8, 4.18, 6.23 (5×), 6.24, 6.25, 7.28, 7.30, 7.31, 9.39, 11.47, 13.55, 17.67, 20.84, 20.85, 21.89, 26.102, 26.103, 26.105

oppress, opprimere, 4.18, 6.23, 6.25, 9.39 (4×), 9.40, 9.41, 12.49 (2×), 12.50 (2×), 12.52, 26.102; oppressed, oppressato, 26.102. See also crush

order (n.), ordine, passim; order (v.), ordinare, passim; disorder,★ disordine, 3.10, 3.15, 4.18, 17.65, 20.87; disorder,★ discordia, 11.47; disorder (v.), disordinare, 7.27. For ordine, see also institution

ordinance, ordinanza, 13.56

ordinary, ordinario, 2.6, 3.8, 3.14, 3.16; ordinary, per l’ordinario, 12.49; ordinarily, per ordinario, 19.73

outside, externo, 26.105; outsider, esterno, 3.10. See also external; foreign

overcome, superare, 6.24 (2×), 7.29, 8.35, 10.44, 12.50, 18.69, 20.85 (2×), 26.104; overcome, vincere, 4.18. For vincere, see also conquer; win

parricide, parricida, 8.37. Cf. father; patrimony

parsimony, parsimonia (L), 16.62 (T); parsimony, parsimonia, 16.63, 16.64

partisan, partigiano, 7.29, 20.83, 20.84; partisan, del parte, 7.28; with partisan zeal, partigianamente, 6.24

party, parte, ★ 7.28, 7.31, 11.47 (3×), 13.55, 20.84 (3×)

past (n.), adrieto,12.50, 14.60; preceding (n.), adrieto, 25.99; above, della passata, 11.46; past ones, le passate, 24.96; past (adj.), passato, 7.30; last, passato, 26.104; pass, passare, 8.36; come, passare, 21.89

path, via, 5.21, 6.22(3×), 6.23, 6.24, 7.25, 7.27, 8.34, 11.47, 16.64, 25.100. Cf. way

patrimony, patrimonio, 8.36, 17.67. Cf. father; parricide

patron, patrone, 5.20, 12.49, 12.50

peace, pace, 6.23, 12.48, 14.59 (2×), 17.65, 18.71, 20.85; to peace, pacifica, 7.29 (2×); peace treaty, pace, 18.69; bring to peace, pacare, 19.79; peaceful, pacifico, 8.37, 14.60

people, populo, passim; people, universale, 9.41, 19.73, 19.75, 19.76

perform, operare, 12.51

philosopher, filosofo, 19.75

physician, fisico, 3.12

piety, pietà, 26.105; pious, pietoso, 21.88; pious, pia (L), 26.103. See also mercy

plan (v.), disegnare, 6.22, 7.31, 20.86, 23.95; sketch, disegriare, ED.4; plan (n.), disegno, 6.22, 7.32, 8.34, 23.94, 25.99; according to plan, a proposito, 20.84; purpose, proposito, 13.55; regard, proposito, 23.94

pleasure★ (n.), piacere, 21.89

plebs, plebe, 10.43 (2× ), 12.51

pledge (v.), obligare, 3.15. See also oblige

poison (n.), veleno, 13.57

policy, partito, 8.35, 19.80; policy, parte,★ 3.11, 3.12, 9.38; policy, termine,★ 23.94

pontiff, pontefice, 7.33, 11.46 (2×), 25.100, 25.101; pontificate, pontificato, 11.46, 11.47, 19.82. Cf. pope

poor, povero, 3.10 (2×), 16.63, 16.64, 16.65; poverty, povertà, 16.65

pope, papa, 2.7, 3.14, 3.15, 3.16, 7.27, 7.28, 7.31 (3×), 7.32, 7.33 (4×), 8.37, 11.45, 11.46 (7×), 11.47, 12.52, 13.54 (2×), 16.63, 21.91, 25.100; papacy, papato, 7.33, 16.63. Cf. pontiff

power, potenzia, 3.12 (2×), 3.15, 3.16, 4.19, 5.20, 7.27, 7.29, 7.31, 7.33, 25.98; power, potestà, 7.29; power, potente, 3.11 (4×), 3.12 (2×), 3.15 (2×), 10.43, 11.46, 13.54, 21.8; power, potentato, 11.45 (3×), 19.72; power, potentiae (L), 13.57; power, imperio, 11.45, 19.79, 21.88; powerful, potente, 3.11 (5×), 3.12, 3.15 (2×), 3.16 (2×), 6.25, 7.30, 7.31, 10.44, 11.45, 11.47, 19.73, 19.75, 19.76, 20.84, 21.90 (2×); impotent, impotente, 7.29. For imperio, see also empire

praetor, pretore, 8.34; praetorian, pretoriani, 19.78

praise (v.), laudare, 3.14, 14.60, 18.71, 20.86, 20.87; praise (v.), laudantur (L), 15.61 (T); praise (n.), laude, 11.47, 14.59, 15.61, 19.77; praiseworthy, laudabile, 15.62, 18.68

pray, pregare, 26.102. See also beg

preach, predicare, 18.71

prelate, prelato, 11.47

prepare, preparare, 7.26, 21.91, 26.104; preparation, preparazione, 9.41,17.66

pretext, colore, 19.78. See also color

priest, prete, 12.52

prince,★ principe, ED.3, ED.4 (3×), 1.5 (2×), 1.6, 2.6 (2×), 2.7, 3.8 (2×), 3.9 (2×), 3.10, 3.12, 3.16, 4.17 (4×), 4.18 (3×), 5.20, 5.21 (3×), 6.21, 6.22 (4×), 6.23, 6.25 (2×), 7.25, 7.26 (4×), 7.27, 7.32, 8.34 (3×), 8.37, 8.38, 9.38, 9.39 (5×), 9.40 (5×), 9.41 (3×), 9.42 (4×), 10.42, 10.43, 10.44 (6×), 11.45, 12.48 (2×), 12.49 (3×), 12.50 (2×), 12.52, 13.55, 13.57, 14.58 (5×), 14.59 (2×), 14.60 (2×), 15.61 (4×), 15.62, 16.63 (2×), 16.64 (5×), 16.65, 17.65 (2×), 17.66 (4×), 17.67 (3×), 17.68 (2×), 18.68, 18.69 (7×), 18.70 (5×), 18.71 (3×), 19.71, 19.72 (3×), 19.73 (5×), 19.74 (4×), 19.75 (2×), 19.76 (4×), 19.77, 19.78 (2×), 19.79 (2×), 19.81 (3×), 19.82 (4×), 20.83 (2×), 20.84 (2×), 20.85 (8×), 20.86 (3×), 20.87, 21.87, 21.88 (2×), 21.89 (2×), 21.90 (4×), 21.91 (2×), 22.92 (3×), 22.93 (3×), 23.93, 23.94, 23.95 (6×), 24.96 (3×), 24.97, 25.99 (2×), 26.101, 26.102 (2×), 26.104, 26.105; prince, principem (L), 14.58 (T), 21.87 (T); princes, principes (L), 15.61 (T), 22.92 (T), 24.96 (T); princes, principibus (L), 18.68 (T), 20.83 (T)

principality,★ priitcipato, 1.5 (2×, 2.6 (2×), 3.7, 3.8 (2×), 3.9, 4.17, 4.19, 6.21, 6.22, 6.23 (2×), 7.32, 8.34, 8.35 (2×), 8.37, 9.39 (6×), 9.40, 9.41, 10.42, 11.45 (2×), 12.48, 13.57 (2×), 15.61, 16.64, 19.73, 19.76, 19.80 (2×), 19.82 (5×), 20.84, 20.85 (2×), 24.96, 24.97; principality, principatus (L), 1.5 (T), 2.6 (T), 3.7 (T), 5.20 (T), 6.21 (T), 7.25 (T), 8.34 (T), 9.38 (T), 10.42 (T), 11.45 (T); principal, principale, 11.46, 12.48, 17.67; principate, principato, 19.76, 19.82

progress, progresso, 3.12, 12.49, 12.50, 12.51, 12.52. See also step

property,★ roba, 17.66, 17.67 (3×), 19.72 (2×). Cf. belongings

proportion, proporzione, 6.25, 14.58

protection, difesa, 19.73

proud, superbo, 15.62

proverb, proverbio, 9.41

province,★ provinda, 3.9 (2×), 3.10, 3.11 (4×), 3.12 (3×), 3.13 (2×), 3.14, 3.16, 4.17, 4.19, 5.20, 5.21, 7.29, 7.30, 11.45, 14.59 (2×), 19.81, 20.86, 26.105; inhabitant of province, provinciale, 3.8, 3.11. For provincia, see also country

prudence, prudenzia, 3.13, 13.57, 17.66, 21.90, 21.91, 22.92, 23.95 (2×), 24.96, 25.98, 25.101; prudent, prudente, 3.12, 6.22 (2×), 7.27, 10.44, 15.62, 16.63, 18.69, 19.75, 23.94 (2×), 25.100, 26.102; most prudent, prudentissimo, 12.51; very prudent, prudentissimo, 23.93, 23.95; prudently, prudentemente, 24.96

public (adj.), publico, 10.43; public (n.), pubblico, 10.43

punish, punire, 3.9, 19.79, 21.89; punishment, pena, 12.49, 17.67, 19.73

purge, purgare, 7.30

pusillanimous, pusillanimo, 15.62, 19.72; pusillanimity, pusillanimità, 9.40. Cf. intent; magnanimous

quality, qualità, ED.4, 6.25, 7.28, 9.42, 10.42,12.47, 15.61, 16.62, 17.65, 17.68, 18.70 (2×), 18.71, 19.71, 19.77, 19.80, 19.85, 20.84, 20.85, 21.88, 21.90, 21.91, 25.99 (3×)

quarrel, scandolo, 11.46

queen, regina, 12.50

question (v.), dubitare, 8.37. See also doubtful; fear; hesitate

rank, grado, 4.17, 7.26, 8.34 (3×), 8.35, 8.36, 9.40,14.58, 16.64, 19.82, 22.92; not translated, 7.26. For grado, see also favor; grateful

ransom, taglia, 12.53, 16.64. Cf. taxes

rapacious, rapace, 19.72; rapine, rapina, 15.61, 17.67. See also robbery

read, leggere, ED.4, 14.60 (2×), 19.75; reading, lezione, ED.3. Cf. write

reason★ (n.), ragione, 4.18 (3×), 4.19, 14.60, 20.84, 21.89, 21.91; reason (v.), ragionare, 2.6, 6.22, 8.34, 11.45, 12.48, 14.59, 19.81; reasonable, ragionevole, 2.7, 3.15, 3.16, 4.17, 7.26, 14.58; reasonably, ragionevolmente, 10.44; reasoning, ragionare, 2.6, 12.48. For ragione, see also kind; cf. discussion

rebel (v.), rebellare, 3.8, 4.17, 17.68,19.81; rebel (v.), defecit (L), 4.16 (T); rebellion, rebellione, 3.8, 4.18, 4.19, 5.21, 7.28

regard,★ respetto, 7.31. See also caution; concern; respect

reign (v.), regnare, 8.35; reign (n.), regno, 21.88. See also rule; cf. command; empire; emperor; imperial; king

religion, religione, 8.35, 11.45, 18.70 (2×), 21.88; religious, religioso, 15.62,18.70. Cf sect

remedy (n.), remedio, 3.9, 3.10 (3×), 3.12, 7.31, 7.32, 8.38, 9.41, 10.44, 12.51, 14.60, 19.73, 24.97, 25.98, 26.105; remedy (v.), rimediare, 3.10, 3.12 (2×)

renew, rinnovare, 8.38. Cf. innovate

republic,★ republica, 1.5, 2.6, 5.21, 8.34 (2×), 12.49 (2×), 12.50 (2×), 12.52, 13.57, 15.61

reputation,★ repute, reputazione, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14, 7.28, 7.29 (2×), 7.31, 9.39 (2×), 9.40, 10.44, 12.51 (2×), 12.52 (3×), 12.53 (3×), 13.55, 13.56, 16.64, 18.71,19.76, 19.79, 20.85, 21.88, 26.105; reputed, reputarsi, 22.92; reputed, reputato, 19.72 (2×), 19.76. Cf. believe; fame; opinion

respect, rispetto, 4.17; respect, respetto, 3.11, 19.82, 21.90, 24.97. See also concern; hesitate; regard

revenge, vendetta, 3.11, 5.21, 26.105. Cf. avenge

revere, reverire, 7.32, 19.72, 19.79, 26.104; reverence, riverenzia, 23.94; reverent, reverente, 19.78

review (v.), discorrere, 8.38, 13.57, 19.77, 20.86. See also discourse; discuss

reward (n.), premio, 21.91; reward (v.), premiare, 16.63, 21.89

rich, ricco, 8.34, 22.93; riches, ricchezze, 25.99. See also wealth

right, hereditary, iure hereditario, 19.77, 19.80, 19.82. For hereditario, see also hereditary; for iure, cf. just

robbery, rapina, 17.66, 19.79; robbery, latrocinio, 7.29. For rapina, see also rapine; violence

rule (v.), reggere, 10.42, 10.43, 19.74, 20.84, 20.85; rule (v.), regnare, 16.64, 19.78; rule (n.), regola, 3.14, 3.16, 9.40, 23.95; give rules, regolare, ED.4. For regnare, see also reign; cf. command; emperor; empire; imperial; king

sad, tristo, 13.54

safe, securo, sicuro, 13.55, 17.66, 21.91, 26.105. See also secure

satisfy, satisfare, 3.8, 3.10, 7.30, 9.39, 19.73 (2×), 19.74, 19.76 (2×), 19.77, 19.78 (2×), 19.80, 19.81 (3×); satisfaction, satisfazione, 21.89

scorn (n.), sdegno, 14.58. See also indignation; cf. dignity; disdain

secret, secrete, 8.37 (2×); secretive, secreto, 23.94; secretly, secretamente, 8.36, 19.73; secretary, secretis (L), 22.92 (T)

secure, securo, sicuro, 3.10, 3.14, 4.19 (2×), 5.20, 5.21, 6.25, 7.32, 8.37 (2×), 11.45, 12.48, 13.57, 14.58, 20.86, 20.87, 24.96; secure, assicurato, 7.30; securely, securamente, sicuramente, 3.9, 7.27, 12.51, 20.83, 20.86; security, securtà, sicurtà, 6.23, 7.26, 15.62, 19.74, 19.75, 19.81, 20.83, 20.85, 24.97; secure (v.), assicurare, 3.8, 3.14, 5.21, 7.29, 7.30, 7.31, 7.32, 8.38 (3×), 9.39 (2×), 9.41, 10.44, 12.52, 19.73, 19.75, 24.96, 24.97; secure (v.), prendere, 12.51. See also safe

Senate, Senato, 8.34, 17.68 (3×), 19.78 (3×), 19.79, 19.81; senator, senatore, 8.34. Cf. father

servant, servo, 4.17 (3×); servant, servidore, 8.36; servant, servitore, 14.58; service, servizio, 19.80; servile, servo, 26.102; servile, servile, 8.36; servitude, servitù, 5.21, 6.23, 8.36, 13.55. Cf. enslaved, homage

shadow, ombra, 9.39

shame, vergogna, 10.44, 24.96

Signor,★ signor, 7.29. See also lord; cf. master

sin★ (n.), peccato, 12.49 (2×)

site, sito, 14.59 (4×)

slow, grave, 17.66. See also grave

soldier (v.), militare, 8.36. See also fight

son, figliuolo, 3.16, 7.27, 8.37,13.56,14.58,19.74,19.75 (2×), 19.79, 19.80, 19.82. For figliuolo, see also child

sort, sorte, 26.102. See also chance

spare, perdonare, 19.78

spirit, animo, ED.4, 3.15, 6.23, 7.30, 7.32, 8.34, 8.35, 8.36, 9.40, 9.41, 10.44 (3×), 13.56, 17.66, 18.70 (2×), 19.73, 19.75, 19.76, 19.79, 19.80, 26.102, 26.105; spirit, spirito, 26.102; spirited, animoso, 8.35, 10.44, 11.46, 15.62; spiritedness, animosità, 19.72. For animo, see also intent; mind; cf. magnanimous; pusillanimous; for animare, see also inspire

spiritual, spiritnale, 3.14. Cf. spirit

spokesmen, oratori, 21.89

state,★ stato, ED.4, 1.5 (2×), 2.6, 2.7, 3.9 (3×), 3.10 (4×), 3.11 (3×), 3.12 (3×), 3.13 (2×), 3.15, 3.16, 4.16, 4.17 (6×), 4.18 (3×), 4.19 (4×), 5.20 (4×), 6.21, 6.22, 6.23, 7.26 (2×), 7.27 (5×), 7.31, 8.37, 8.38 (2×), 9.41, 9.42 (4×), 10.42, 11.45 (3×), 11.46, 12.48 (3×), 12.51, 12.52, 12.53, 14.58, 15.62 (2×), 17.66, 18.70, 18.71 (3×), 19.73, 19.74 (2×), 19.77,19.78, 19.79, 19.82 (4×), 20.83 (3×), 20.84 (5×), 20.85 (2×), 20.86 (6×), 20.87 (2×), 21.88, 21.91 (2×), 22.93, 23.94, 23.95, 24.96 (3×), 24.97; new states, nuovi,★ 2.6; state, regnum (L), 24.96 (T)

step, progresso, 3.13, 7.27. See also progress

storm, tempesta, 24.97

strength, fortezza, 19.72, 19.81; strength, virtù, 6.22. For fortezza, see also fortress; for virtù, see also virtue

stroke, tratto, 8.37 (2×), 8.38, 12.50

stupified, stupido, 7.30, 19.78

successor, successore, 4.17, 4.19, 7.31; successor, successoribus (L), 4.16 (T)

suitable, conveniente, 10.43, 17.67, 19.74, 21.91, 25.99; to suit himself, a suo modo, 7.30, 7.33, 9.39. See also convenience; fitting

support (n.), favore, 3.8, 3.11, 8.34, 8.35, 8.36, 9.39 (2×), 9.40 (3×), 19.76, 20.86; in support, in favore, 21.89, 21.90; support (v.), favorire, 12.52 (2× 20.86 (3×), 26.102. For favore, favorire, see also favor

suspect (adj.), sospetto, suspetto, 3.9, 3.16, 14.58, 20.83 (2×), 20.84, 20.85 (2×), 21.89. For sospetto, see also anticipation; fear

tax, dazio, 3.9, 16.63; taxes, taglie, 21.91, 26.102; rigorous with taxes, fiscale, 16.63. Cf. ransom

teach, insegnare, 14.59, 18.69; teacher, precettore, 6.23, 18.69; teaching, precetto, 7.27, 18.69, 20.84

tell,★ narrate, 12.49, 19.80, 21.89

temporal, temporale, 3.14, 11.45 (2×), 11.46, 12.52 (2×); temporize, temporeggiare, 2.6

terrible, terribile, 17.67, 26.104; terrifying, che lo sbigottisce, 19.73

test, esperiernzia, 9.42. See also experience; experiment

Testament, Testamento, 13.56. Cf. testimony

testimony, testimone, ED.3, 26.104. Cf. Testament

think, pensare, passim; thought, pensiero, 14.58, 14.59

thrust★ (n.), impeto, 19.72. See also impetuosity

title, titulo, 19.78

town, terra, 10.43 (3×), 12.53 (2×), 14.59, 20.83, 20.84. See also land

troops, genti, gente, 12.50, 13.55, 25.100. See also man

trouble (v.),★ scandolo, 3.12

trust (v.), confidare, 20.85, 22.93; trust (v.), fidarsi, 7.27, 7.29, 9.42, 12.49, 14.58, 20.87, 22.93; distrust (v.), diffidenzia, 20.83. For confidare, see also confidence; cf. faith; believe

true, truth, vero,★ 3.8, 9.41, 12.49, 15.61, 17.68, 21.89 (2×), 23.94 (2×), 23.95, 25.98, 26.104; truth, verità,★ 5.20, 15.61, 23.94

tumult, tumulto, 4.19, 7.28, 11.47 (2×)

uncle, zio, 8.35. Cf. nephew

undertaking, impresa, 8.37, 10.43, 26.103, 26.104. See also campaign; enterprise

union, unione, 7.29, 11.46; disunion, disunione, 7.29; unity, unità, 7.29

unite, unire, 10.44, 17.65, 20.84, 23.95; united, unito, 4.18, 13.55, 17.65, 17.67, 23.95; united, uniti, 4.19; disunite, disunire, 12.48

universal, universale, 3.9. See also community; general

unlike, formed unlike, disforme, 19.75, 19.82. See also disparate; cf. conform

uprising, impeto, 20.87. See also impetuousity

upset (v.), turbassinarsi, 7.27

use, utile, 4.18; use, utilità, 20.85; useful, utile, 3.11, 13.54, 13.56, 14.59, 15.61, 18.70, 19.76, 20.86, 21.89 (2×), 22.93; useful, utilia (L), 20.83 (T); useless, inutile, 3.11, 12.48, 13.54, 19.82, 22.92; useless, inutilia (L), 20.83 (T). See also utility

usurper, usurpatore, 19.72

utility, utilità, 8.38, 17.67, 20.85. See also use

variation, variability, variazione, 18.70, 25.98, 25.99 (2×), 25.100. See also change; instability

veneration, venerazione, 6.24; venerable, venerando, 11.47, 17.67, 19.77

vent, sfogare, 9.39, 19.76. See also satisfy

vice, vizio, 2.7, 15.62 (3×), 16.64

victor, vincitore, 4.18, 4.19, 13.54, 24.97; victor, victor (L), 21.90; victory, vittoria, 4.18 (2×), 4.19, 12.50, 13.55, 14.60, 21.90; most victorious, vittoriosissimo, 9.41. For vincitore, see also win; cf. conquer; overcome

violate, sforzare, 12.53

violence, violenzia, 8.34, 9.39, 25.99; violent, rovinoso, 25.98

virtue, virtù, 1.6, 3.13, 4.19, 6.22 (4×), 6.23 (4×), 6.24, 6.25, 7.26 (4×), 7.27, 7.31 (2×), 8.34 (2×), 8.35 (3×), 8.37, 9.39, 11.45, 11.47, 12.51, 12.53, 13.55, 13.56, 13.57 (2×), 14.58, 15.62, 16.63, 17.67 (2×), 17.68, 19.75, 19.77, 19.78 (2×), 19.82, 21.91, 24.97, 25.98, 25.99, 26.102 (3×), 26.103, 26.104 (3×), 26.105; virtue, virtute (L), 6.21 (T); virtuous, virtuoso, 6.22, 7.27, 12.49, 12.51, 21.91, 24.96, 26.102; of virtue, virtuoso, 6.23; most virtuous, virtuosissimo, 12.51; virtuously, virtuosamente, 16.63; most virtuously, virtuosissimamente, 12.51. For virtù, see also strength

wanton, licenzioso, 25.98. See also license

war, guerra, 3.12 (2×), 3.13, 3.15 (2×), 3.16, 8.37, 12.48, 12.49 (2×), 12.50, 12.51 (2×), 12.52, 13.54, 13.56, 14.58, 14.59 (3×), 14.60, 16.63 (3×), 20.85, 20.87, 21.88 (2×), 21.89, 24.97, 26.103, 26.104; war, bellum (L), 26.103; war, bello (L), 21.90; very warlike, bellicosissimo, 19.80

way,★ via, ★ 4.18, 21.90. Cf. path

weak, debole, 3.9, 3.14, 9.42, 11.46, 12.52, 20.84, 21.88; weaken, indebolire, 3.11, 7.28; weaken, fare debole, 3.14; weaken, enervare, 13.57; weakness, debolezza, 20.85, 26.104

wealth, ricchezza, 22.93 (2×). See also rich

well-being, bene essere, 7.29, 12.48, 15.62

wicked, tristo, 17.67, 18.69. See also bad

will, arbitrio, 25.98, 26.103; will, voglia, 19.77; will, volontà, 7.26, 7.28, 9.42; goodwill, benevoluto, 2.7; good will, benivolenzia, 19.73, 19.74; show good will, essere benivolo, 19.74; willingly, volentieri , 3.8, 3.11, 14.58; willing, volonteroso, 10.44; at his will, ad votum (L), 18.70

win, vincere, 9.40, 12.51 (4×), 12.52, 13.54 (2×), 13.55 (3×), 13.56, 16.64, 18.71, 21.89 (3×), 21.90 (5×), 25.101; win over, guadagnarsi, 4.18, 7.31 (3×), 20.85; winner, vincitore, 21.89, 21.90. For vincere, vincitore, see also conquer; defeat; victory; for guadagnarsi, see also gain

wise, savio, 3.12, 3.13, 9.42, 13.55, 13.57 (2×), 14.60,17.68, 19.74, 20.84, 20.85, 21.90, 22.92, 23.94, 23.95 (2×); wisdom, sapere, 11.46: wisdom, sapienza, 16.65

woman, donna, 17.66, 19.72, 25.101 (2×). Cf. effeminate; Madonna

word, parola, ED.4, 17.66

work (n.), opera, ED.3, ED.4; work (v.), operare, 14.58, 21.88, 25.99 (2×) act,★ operare, 12.51, 18.70. For opera, see also deed; for operare, see also employ

world, mondo, 3.9, 18.70, 18.71, 19.79, 19.81; worldly things, cose del mondo, 10.44, 25.98

worthy, degno, ED.3; most worthy, valentissimo, 22.92; prove worthy, meritare, 6.25; be worthy, riuscire valente, 12.50; be worthy, valsere, 20.87. For degno, meritare, see also bought; deserve; merit; cf. dignity; disdain; indignation

write, scrivere, 6.25, 8.36, 14.60 (2×), 15.61 (3×), 18.69, 19.78; written above, soprascritto, 19.82, 20.84, 24.96; mentioned above, soprascritto, 2.6, 15.62, 16.62, 18.70 (2×), 19.71; given above, soprascritto, 3.14; writer, scrittore, 14.59, 17.67, 18.69

young, giovane, 25.101; young, gioventù, 8.36





Bibliography



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Index of Proper Names



References are solely to the text of The Prince, by chapter and page in this edition.





Achaeans, III ; XIV XXI



Achilles. Homer’s hero in the Iliad, XIV; XVIII



Acuto, Giovanni (John Hawkwood) (d. 1394), English mercenary captain in the hire of Florence 1377—93. XII



Aetolians, III; XXI



Africa, VIII; XIX; XXI



Agathocles (361—289 B.C.), murderer and tyrant of Syracuse B.C., VIII



Alba, VI



Alberigo da Conio (Alberigo da Barbiano) (d. 1409), count of Conio (now Cunio), mercenary captain who founded the Company of St. George, XII



Albinus, Clodius (d. 197), Roman general tricked by Severus, XIX



Alessandria, battle of (1499), XXVI



Alexander the Great (356—323 B.C.), son of Philip II of Macedon and student of Aristotle; king of Macedon B.C.; defeated Darius III in 331 B.C., IV; XIII ; XIV; XVI; XXIV



Alexander Severus, Roman emperor assassinated, XIX



Alexander VI (Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia), pope 1492—1503, father of Cesare Borgia, III; VII; VIII; XI; XVIII



Alexandria, XIX



Antiochus the Great, king of Syria 223—187 B.C., III; XXI



Antoninus Caracalla, Roman emperor, assassinated, XIX



Antonio da Venafro (Antonio Giordani da Venafro) (1459—1530), professor of law at the Studio of Siena, XXII



Aquileia, XIX



Aragon, king of (Alfonso V) (1396—1458), king of Aragon 1416—58 and king of Naples and Sicily, XII



Ascanio (Ascanio Sforza) (1455—1505), cardinal offended by Cesare Borgia, VII



Asia, IV; XIX



Athenians, VI; XXVI



Athens, V





Baglioni, the, family powerful in Perugia, VII



Bartolomeo da Bergamo (Bartolomeo Colleoni) (1400—1475), mercenary captain for the Venetians, XII



Bentivogli, the, family powerful in Bologna, XIX; XX



Bentivoglio, Annibale (d. 1445), and “the present” Annibale, his grandson (1469—1540), princes in Bologna, XIX



Bentivoglio, Giovanni (1443—1508), prince in Bologna, a baby when his father Annibale was killed in 1445 (Santi Bentivoglio of Florence, presumed natural son of the cousin of Annibale, ruled in his stead from 1446 to 1462), driven out of Bologna by Julius II in 1506, III; XIX; XXV



Bernabò da Milano (Bernabò Visconti) (1323—85), duke of Milan 1354—85, imprisoned and poisoned by his nephew Gian Galeazzo in 1385, XXI



Bologna, VII; XII; XIX; XX ; XXV



Bologna, battle of (1511), XXVI



Borgia, Cesare (1475-1507), natural son of Pope Alexander VI, III; VII; VIII; XIII; XVII; XX. See also Valentino, duke of



Bracceschi, the, Mercenaries of Andrea Fortebraccio, also known as Braccio da Montone (1368-1424); defeated by Francesco Sforza at Aquila in 1424 and killed, XII



Braccio da Montone, XII



Brittany, III



Burgundy, III





Caesar, Julius (100—44 B.C.), assassinated, XIV; XVI



Caesar, title of, XIX



Camerino, lord of (Giulio Cesare da Varano), III



Canneschi. the, powerful family in Bologna; killed Annibale Bentivoglio in 1445 and were killed by the people, XIX



Capua, V



Capua, battle of (1501), XXVI



Caravaggio, battle of (1448), XII



Cardinals, College of, VII



Carmagnola, count of (Francesco di Bussone) (C. 1380—1432), condottiere tricked and executed by the Venetians in 1432, XII



Carthage, V



Carthaginians, VIII; XII



Castile. XXI



Cesena, VII



Charles VII (1403-61), king of France (1422—61), XIII



Charles VIII (1470—98), king of France (1483—98); invaded Italy in 1494, III; XI; XII



Chiron the centaur, XVIII



Christian pontificate, XIX



Christians, XXI



Church, the, III; VII; XI; XII; XXI; XXVI



Città di Castello. XX



Colonna, the, powerful Roman family hostile to the Orsini and to the Borgias, VII; XI



Colonna, Giovanni (d. 1508), cardinal whom Cesare Borgia offended, VII



Commodus, Roman emperor , assassinated, XIX



Constantinople, emperorof(John Cantacuzene) (1291—1380), XIII



Cyrus (559—529 B.C.), founder of the Persian monarchy, subject of Xenophon’s Cyropaideia, VI; XIV; XVI; XXVI





Darius I (521—486 B.C.), king of Persia, VII



Darius III (380—330 B.C.), last king of Persia, 336-33 B.C., murdered by his own followers in 330 B.C., IV



David, XIII



Dido, XVII



Egypt, VI; XXVI



Epaminondas, the Theban (d.362 B.C.), XII





Fabius Maximus (Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator) (d.203 B.C.), the “delayer” in his tactics against Hannibal, XVII



Faenza, lord of (Astorgio Manfredi) (1488—1502), defeated by Cesare Borgia and strangled in Rome in 1502, III



Faenza, VII



Ferdinand the Catholic (1452—1516), also Ferdinand II of Aragon and V of Castile, who unified the kingdom of Spain; married Isabella I of Castile: drove the Moors out of Spain in 1492 and the Marranos in 1501—2; drove the French out of the kingdom of Naples in 1504; became king of Naples in 1505 XII; XIII; XXI



Fermo, VIII



Ferrara, duke of, Ercole d’Este (1431—1505), followed by his son Alfonso d’Este (1476—1534), II; III



Ferrara, XI; XIII



Filippo, Duke (Filippo Maria Visconti) (1392—1447), duke of Milan 1412—47, XII



Florence, IX; XIX



Florentines, III; V; VII; XI; XII; XII; XVII; XXI



Fogliani, Giovanni, leading citizen of Fermo. killed in 1502, VIII



Forlì, Madonna of (Caterina Sforza) (1463—1509), countess of Forlì, natural daughter of Galeazzo Sforza; married Girolamo Riario, count of Forlì, and after her husband was assassinated in 1488 held that state until it was taken by Cesare Borgia in 1500, III; XX



Forli, XIII



France, king of, III; IV; VII; XI; XVI; XXV



France (king of), III; IV; VII; XXI; XXV



France (as Gaul), IV



France, kingdom or country of, III; IV; VII; XIII; XIX; XXI; XXV



French, III; VII; XI; XIII; XXVI





Gaeta, VII



Gascony, III



Genoa, III



Genoa, battle of (1507), XXVI



Germans, XXVI



Germany X; XXV



Ghibelline sect, partisans of the Holy Roman Emperor, XX



Giovanna II (1373—1435), queen of Naples 1414—35, XII



Girolamo, Count (Girolamo Riario) (d.1488), count of Forlì, husband of Caterina Sforza; murdered in 1488, XX



Goliath, XIII



Goths, XIII



Gracchi, the (Tiberius and Gaius Sempronius), brothers, tribunes of the plebs, lost their lives to their enemies in the Senate, Tiberius in and Gaius in 121 B.C., IX



Granada, XXI



Greece, III; IV; V; VII; IX; XII; XXI; XXIV



Guelf sect, partisans of the pope, XX



Guidobaldo Montefeltro, duke of Urbino from 1482 to 1508, son of Federigo, a mercenary captain, XX





Hamilcar Barca (d.229 B.C.), Carthaginian commander in Sicily, father of Hannibal, VIII



Hannibal (247—182 B.C.), Carthaginian general and greatest enemy of Rome; took poison to escape the Romans in 182 B.C., XVII



Hebrews, XXVI



Heliogabalus, Roman emperor 218—222, assassinated, XIX



Hellespont, the, VII



Hiero II of Syracuse (306—215 B.C.), became king in, VI; XIII





Imola, XIII



Ionia, VII



Israel, VI; XXVI



Italians, III; XXVI



Italy, II; III; VII; XI; XII; XIII; XIX; XX; XXI; XXIV; XXV; XXVI





Julianus, Roman emperor in, murdered, XIX



Julius II (Giuliano della Rovere) (1443—1513), cardinal of San Pietro ad Vincula, pope 1503—13; VII; XI; XIII; XVI; XXV





Kingdom (of Naples), III; XXVI. See also Naples, kingdom of





Leo X (Giovanni de’ Medici) (1475—1521), son of Lorenzo de’ Medici; pope from 1513 to 1521, XI



Liverotto da Fermo (Oliverotto Euffreducci da Fermo) (1475—1502), strangled at Sinigaglia, VIII



Locrians, XVII



Lombardy, III; XII; XXI; XXVI



Louis XI (1423—83), king of France 1461—83, XIII



Louis XII (1462—1515), king of France 1498—1515, succeeding Charles VIII, III; VII; XII



Lucca, VII



Luccans, III





Macedonians, III



Macrinus, Roman emperor, executed, XIX



Magione, VII



Mantua, marquis of (Francesco Gonzaga) (1484—1519), III



Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor, “the philosopher,” who reigned from to, XIX



Marranos, XXI



Maximilian I (1459—1519), Holy Roman Emperor 1493—1519, XXIII



Maximinus, Roman emperor , assassinated, XIX



Medes, VI ; XXVI



Medici, Lorenzo de’ (1492—1519), grandson of Lorenzo the Magnificent (1449—92); became duke of Urbino in 1516, DL



Mstre, battle of (1513), XXVI



Milan, duke of; VII; XI; XII; XIV; XXI; XXIV



Milan, I; III; VII; XX



Milanese, XII



Moses (c.1300 B.C.), VI; XXVI





Nabis (d.192 B.C.), torturer and tyrant of Sparta from 207 to 192 B.C., when he was assassinated, IX; XIX



Nantes, III



Naples, king of, XI; XXIV



Naples, kingdom of, I; III; VII; XII; XXV. See also Kingdom (of Naples)



Niger, Pescennius (d.193), Roman general, defeated by Severus and executed, XIX



Normandy, III



Numantia, V





Old Testament, XIII



Orco, Remirro de (Don Ramiro de Lorqua), Spanish captain and majordomo of Cesare Borgia, appointed governor of Romagna in 1501 found in two pieces in 1502, VII



Orsini, the, powerful Roman family hostile to the Colonna and to the Borgias, VII; VIII; XI; XIII



Orsini, Paolo (d. 1503), tricked by Cesare Borgia at Sinigaglia and strangled, VII





Persians, VI; XXVI



Pertinax, Roman emperor, murdered, XIX



Perugia, VII



Pesaro, lord of (Giovanni di Costanzo Sforza) (1466—1510), defeated by Cesare Borgia in 1500, III



Petrarch, Francesco (1304—74), XXVI



Petrucci, Pandolfo (1452—1512), prince of Siena 1500—1512, XX; XXII



Philip II of Macedon, king of Macedon 359—336 B.C., father of Alexander the Great, XII; XIII



Philip V of Macedon (237—179 B.C.), king of Macedon 221—179 B.C., III; XXIV



Philistine, XIII



Philopoemen of Megalopolis (253—182 B.C.), a general of the Achaean League, poisoned to death in Messene, XIV



Piombino, lord of (Iacopo IV degli Appiani), III



Piombino, VII



Pisa, V; VII; XII; XIII, XX



Pisans, III



Pistoia, XVII; XX



Pitigliano, count of (Niccolò Orsini) (1442—1510), mercenary captain for the Venetians, XII



Pyrrhus (319—272 B.C.), king of Epirus, IV





Ravenna, battle of (1512), XIII; XXVI



Rimini, lord of (Pandolfo Malatesta) (d. 1534), defeated by Cesare Borgia in 1500, III



Rimini, VII



Rinaldi, Luca, bishop and ambassador of Maximilian I, XXIII



Roberto da San Severino (1418—87), mercenary captain for the Venetians, XII



Roman Empire, XIII; XIX



Romagna, III; VII; XI; XII; XIII; XVII



Romans, III; IV; V; XII; XIX; XXI; XXIV



Rome, VI; VII; IX; XI; XII; XVI; XIX; XXV



Romulus (c. 735 B.C.), legendary founder and first king of Rome, VI



Rouen, cardinal of (Georges d’Amboise) (1460—1510), bishop of Rouen and minister of Louis XII, created cardinal by Alexander VI in 1498, III; VII





San Giorgio, church of Cardinal Raffaelo Riario, whom Cesare Borgia offended, VII



San Piero ad Vincula (San Pietro ad Vincula), church of Giuliano della Rovere in Rome, VII



Saul, XIII



Savonarola, Girolamo (1452—98), Dominican friar who came to Florence to preach in 1481 and attracted many supporters and much political influence, 1494—97; burned at the stake in 1498, VI



Scali, Giorgio, head of the plebian Ciompi rebellion in 1378, beheaded in 1382, IX



Scipio Africanus Major, P. Cornelius (236—182 B.C.), conqueror of Hannibal and Carthage, XIV; XVII



Senate, XVII; XIX



Severus (Septimius Severus), Roman emperor 193—211, XIX



Sforza, Francesco (1401—66), mercenary captain; acquired Milan by betraying and overthrowing the Ambrosian Republic of Milan in 1450, I; VII; XII; XIV; XX



Sforza, Ludovico, il Moro (1450—1510), son ot Francesco Sforza; duke of Milan 1494—1500, III



Sforza, Muzio Attendolo (1369—1424), condottiere, father of Francesco, XII



Sicily, VIII



Siena, VII; XX



Sienese, III



Sinigaglia (now Senigallia), scene on December 31, 1502, of Cesare Borgia’s arrest and murder of the condottieri whom he had tricked into coming there, VII; VIII



Sixtus IV (1414—84), pope from 1471 to 1484, XI



Slavonia, XIX



Spain, king of, I; III; XVI; XXI; XXV



Spain (king of), III; XXI; XXVI



Spain, kingdom of, IV; XVII; XXV



Spanish, VII; XXVI



Sparta, XII



Spartans, V; IX



Sultan, the, Sultan of the Mamelukes in Egypt, XIX



Swiss, XII; XIII; XXVI



Syracusans, VI; XIII



Syracuse, VI; VIII





Taro, battle of (1495), XXVI



Thebans, XII



Thebes, V



Theseus (C. 1200 B.C.), legendary hero and founder-king of Athens, VI; XXVI



Thrace, XIX



Titus Quintius, Flamininus (d. 174 B.C.), Roman consul 198 B.C.; defeated Philip V of Macedon at the battle of Cynoscephalae in, XXIV



Turk, the, emperor of the Ottoman Empire, XIII; XIX



Turks, XIII



Tuscans, XV



Tuscany, III; VII; XIV; XXVI





Urbino, VII





Vailà (Vailate), also known as the battle of Agnadello (1509), XII; XX; XXVI



Valentino, duke of, Cesare Borgia as called by the people, III; by the vulgar, VII; XI. See also Borgia, Cesare



Venetians, II; III; VII; XI; XII; XX; XXI; XXV



Virgil (70—20 B.C.), XVII



Vitelli, the, powerful family of condottieri in Città di Castello, VII; VIII; XIII; XX



Vitelli, Niccolò(1414—86), mercenary captain, father of Paolo and Vitellozzo; expelled from Città di Castello in 1474 by Pope Sixtus IV; on his return in 1482, destroyed the pope’s two fortresses, XX



Vitelli, Paolo (d. 1499), a famous condottiere hired by the Florentines and beheaded by them in 1499, VIII; XII



Vitelli, Vitellozzo (d. 1502), brother of Paolo; strangled by Cesare Borgia at Sinigaglia, VIII





Xenophon (C.430—C.360 B.C.), Socratic philosopher, XIV





1 lit.: acquire grace. “Acquire” is an economic term that NM often uses to refer to noneconomic gain, especially conquest—here, to the favor or grace that would seem to be in the gift of a prince.





2 NM switches from a singular to the plural, a device he uses frequently.





3 Lorenzo de’ Medici (1492-1519), grandson of Lorenzo the Magnificent (1449-92); he became duke of Urbino in 1516. NM had at first intended to dedicate The Prince to Giuliano de’ Medici, son of Lorenzo the Magnificent and duke of Nemours, who died in 1516. See NM’s letter to Vettori of December 10, 1513, printed in the Appendix.





4 servitù, a feudal term of submission elsewhere to be translated as “servitude.”





5 animo refers to the “spirit” with which human beings defend themselves, never to a capacity for self-detachment (anima, “soul,” does not occur in The Prince). It can also mean “mind” in the sense of “intent,” but not in the sense of “intellect.”





6 Chapter headings of The Prince are in Latin, the language of traditional learning and of the Church.





7 stato means both status (see the Dedicatory Letter) and state, as today, but the meanings are more closely connected; stato is the status of a person or a group while dominating someone else. Although NM sometimes speaks of “the state,” he always means someone’s state and does not refer to an impersonal state.





8 lit.: blood.





9 Francesco Sforza (1401-66), the mercenary captain, acquired Milan by betraying and overthrowing the Ambrosian Republic of Milan in 1450. In 1447 he had laid claim to Milan with a certain respect for its previous bloodline, through his marriage to Bianca, daughter of Filippo Maria Visconti, then duke of Milan. See NM’s account in Florentine Histories, V 13, VI 13, 17-22.





10 Ferdinand the Catholic, after agreeing by treaty in 1500 to share the kingdom of Naples with Louis XII of France, drove out the French in 1504 and joined that kingdom to Spain.





11 In this translation virtù is consistently rendered “virtue.”





12 A reference to NM’s other chief work, the Discourses on Livy, in which he reasons with the use of materials from Livy’s history of the Roman republic, among other sources. NM does in fact discuss republics in The Prince (e.g., on “the Romans,” Chapter 3 below), but not “at length.”





13 lit.: blood.





14 industria for NM means diligence combined with skill or adroitness which is not necessarily visible.





15 NM speaks of two dukes of Ferrara as if they were one: Ercole d‘Este (1431-1505) and his son Alfonso d’Este (1476-1534). Ercole was defeated by the Venetians in 1484. and Alfonso was temporarily deprived of his principality by Pope Julius in 1510.





16 Offenrlere is not merely to slight, but to harm so as to cause offense.





17 A dentation is a toothed wall left on the side of a building so that another building may be attached to it. NM’s metaphor compares the hereditary, or “natural,” principality to a row of houses continually added to but never finished and, as it were, not begun from the beginning.





18 lit.: these are.





19 “Province” refers to a country or region that may be larger or smaller than a “state.”





20 Ludovico Sforza, il Moro, was duke of Milan from 1494 until Milan was seizedfrom him in September 1499 by Louis XI I. H e recaptured Milan in February 1500 but was betrayed by his Swiss mercenaries at Novara, when the French acquired it in April “for the second time.” The French then lost Milan in 1512 after the battle of Ravenna to the Holy League led by Pope Julius II, “the whole world.”





21 respettivo is also translated as “cautious”; see especially Chapter 25.





22 Burgundy since 1477, Brittany 1491, Gascony 1453, and Nor-maundy 1204.





23 lit.: scandals.





24 Of Louis XII, not of Charles VIII; the latter’s invasion of Italy in September 1494 lasted only until October 1495.





25 The formal or plural you.





26 Some manuscripts say one-third.





27 The kingdom of Naples, which had been held by Frederick of Aragon.





28 The kingdom of Naples, often styled “the Kingdom.”





29 Louis XII had obtained from the pope an annulment of his marriage to Jeanne de Valois and a cardinalate (with hat) for his minister, Georges d’ Amboise, bishop of Rouen.





30 See Chapter 18 below.





31 During NM’s first diplomatic mission to France; see his letter of November 21, 1500.





32 NM apparently refers to Alexander’s rapid occupation of “Asia” in seven years, from 334 to 327B.C. , and its division among seven generals, eventually into eleven kingdoms, after his death.





33 Administrative units.





34 The formal or plural you.





35 The formal or plural you.





36 Darius III (380-330 B.C.) was the king of Persia who lost his empire to Alexander the Great.





37 The formal or plural you.





38 NM was pleased to call ancient Gaul by its modern name; see Discourses on Livy II 4.





39 Pyrrhus (319-272 B.C.), king of Epirus, captured Sicily and quickly lost it.





40 In Athens the regime of Thirty Tyrants was establishedby Spartan direction in 404 B.C., then overthrown in 403. In Thebes the victorious Spartans established an oligarchy in 382 B.C., which was overthrown by Pelopidas in 378.





41 Capua was destroyed by the Romans after its rebellion, in 211 B.C.; Carthage was destroyed in 146 B.C.; and Numantia in 133 B.C.





42 Pisa was acquired by Florence in 1405 and lost in 1494 because of the invasion of the king of France, Charles VIII.





43 lit.: virtue.





44 The formal or plural you.





45 Or pray.





46 Savonarola (1452-98) was a Dominican friar who came to Florence to preach in 1481, and succeeded in convincing the Florentines, who thought themselves “neither rude nor ignorant,” that “he spoke with God.” Cf. Discourses on Livy III, where NM praises this accomplishment and does not refer, as he does here, to Savonarola’s terrible end by burning at the stake.





47 possible sources: Polybius, I 8, 16; VII 8; Livy XXIV 4; Justin, XXIII 4; I Samuel 18: 8. Cf. the Dedicatory Letter to the Discourses on Livy.





48 Darius I (521-486 B.C.), not Darius III of Chapter 4.





49 On the election of Roman emperors by soldiers, see Chapter 19.





50 Or time.





51 For this phrase see NM, Discourses on Livy 141.





52 The Orsini and Colonna were the two principal noble families of Rome which had long fought for control of Rome and the papacy.





53 October 9, 1502.





54 See NM’s narration of his event in “A Description of the Method Used by Duke Valentino in Killing Vitellozzo Vitelli, Oliverotto da Fermo, and Others,” in Allan Gilbert, trans., Chief Works of Machiavelli, 3 vols. (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1965), 1:163—69.





55 power: potestà, not potenzia; the phrase recalls the papal claim of plenitudo potestatis.





56 lit.: offended.





57 assure himself of Spanish support, or against the French.





58 lit.: impetus.





59 potenzia.





60 Alexander or Cesare?





61 NM was in Rome at the time of the conclave that elected Julius II pope in October-December 1503.





62 offendere (here and below) is not merely to slight, but to harm so as to cause offense.





63 In this irreverent listing of cardinals, Giuliano della Rovere (who became Pope Julius II) is named by his church in Rome, San Pietro in Vincoli; Giovanni Colonna; Raffaelo Riario, named for San Giorgio; Ascanio Sforza.





64 Cardinal Georges d’Amboise, bishop of Rouen; see Chapter 3.





65 See NM, Discourses on Livy III 4.





66 See Discourses on Livy ; note that NM does not say which of the two modes is reasoned about more amply “where republics are treated.”





67 Agathocles livedfrom 361 to 289 B.C.; his tyranny began in 316.





68 Or principality; principato can mean the ruling or dominating office as well as the realm of domination.





69 Oliverotto Euffreducci da Fermo, who took power in Fermo on December 26, 1501, and a year later was strangled by order of Cesare Borgia at Sinigaglia.





70 A famous condottiere, he was hired by the Florentines and then beheaded by them in 1499 for suspected treachery.





71 lit.: art.





72 lit.: reasonings.





73 lit.: offended.





74 See Discourses on Livy I 45.





75 lit.: according to the subject.





76 NM considers Nabis a tyrant in Discourses on Livy I 10, 40; and in III 6 he tells how Nabis was assassinated despite his popular support. He ruled Sparta from 205 to 192 B.C.





77 The Gracchi brothers Tiberius and Gaius Sempronius were tribunes of the plebs but lost their lives to their enemies in the Senate, Tiberius in 133 and Gaius in 121 B.C.; see Discourses on Livy I 37.





78 A head of the Ciompi rebellion in Florence (1378), who ruled for three years thereafter and then was beheaded; see NM’s Florentine Histories III 18, 20.





79 lit.: the universal. NM, in accord with the usage of his time, says “universal” in cases where we would expect “general,” since apparently not everyone (not to mention everything) is meant.





80 lit.: a just army and make a day; see NM, Discourses on Livy II 17.





81 lit.: land or earth.





82 NM discussed the German cities in Discourses on Livy I 55; II pr., 19; and also in two minor works, Rapporto delle cose delln Magrta and Ritratto delle cose della Magna.





83 lit.: orders.





84 lit.: charity.





85 Lisio and Bertelli read a singular “cause.”





86 Charles VIII, in 1494.





87 lit.: scandal.





88 Sixtus IV (1414—84), pope from 1471 to 1484. NM said of him in Florentine Histories VII 22: “This pontiff was the first who began to show how much a pondiff could do and how many things previously called errors could be hidden under pontifical authority.”





89 See NM, Florentine Histories I 23 (end).





90 NM omits Innocent VIII, pope from 1484 to 1492 between Sixtus IV and Alexander VI (who was pope from 1492 to 1503).





91 Apparently the sale of ecclesiastical offices or indulgences.





92 Leo X, Giovanni de’ Medici, son of Lorenzo de’ Medici, pope from 1513 to 1521.





93 , See Chapter 7.





94 In the literal sense of “soldier”: in your pay.





95 The chalk used to designate which houses would lodge French soldiers along their unresisted invasion route; the expression is attributed to Pope Alexander VI by the French historian Philippe de Cornmines in his Memoirs.





96 This was Savonarola in his sermon of November 1, 1494, who said that the French invasion was God’s punishment of Italy and Florence. See Discourses on Livy I 11, 45, 56 for more of NM on Savonarola, and I 21; II 18 on the sins of Italian princes.





97 lit.: external





98 The Mercenary War at the end of the First Punic War, 241-237 B.C.





99 After Epaminondas’s death in 362 B.C., Philip (who does not appear to have been a mercenary captain) became king of Macedon in 359 and occupied Thebes in 338.





100 The battle of Caravaggio took place in 1448; see NM’s fuller account of Sforza’s successful maneuver in Florentine Histories VI 18—22.





101 Muzio Attendolo Sforza (1369-1424); see Florentine Histories I 38.





102 NM’s rendering of the name of the English mercenary captain John Hawkwood.





103 Mercenaries of Andrea Fortebraccio, also known as Braccio da Montone; see Florentine Histories I 38, V 2.





104 Francesco di Bussone, count of Carmagnola (C1380-1432); see Discourses on Livy II 18.





105 Bartolomeo Colleoni, commander of the Venetian troops at Caravaggio (1448); Roberto da San Severino, commanding in the war against Ferrara (1482-84); Niccolò Orsini, count of Pitigliano, commanding at the battle of “Vailà” (Vailate) in 1509. See Discourses on Livy I 6, 53; III 31.





106 The formal or plural you.





107 Alberigo da Barbiano, count of Conio, died in 1409; on his Company of St. George, see NM, Florentine Histories I 34.





108 condotta, a pun on the contract (condotta) by which a condottiere is hired.





109 In 1512.





110 In 1500.





111 Emperor John Cantacuzene, in 1353.





112 In Chapter 6.





113 NM’s account of this episode differs significantly from the biblical original in 1 Samuel 17: 38—40, 50—51.





114 lit.: ordered.





115 In Chapter 3, where NM referred to diseases, not to remedies.





116 One manuscript has “with faith” at this point.





117 Quoted by NM in Latin from Tacitus, Annals XIII. 19; the words rerum mortalium (“of mortal things”) have been omitted by NM after “nothing.”





118 lit.: discourses on.





119 The four namedin this chapter are Cesare Borgia, Hiero, David, and Charles VII. In Chapter 6 NM mentions Moses, Cyrus, Romulus, and Theseus.





120 Francesco Sforza’s “sons” (rather, his descendants) were Galeazzo Maria, murdered in 1476; Gian Galeazzo, deposed by his uncle Ludovico il Moro in 1480; and Ludovico il Moro, deposed in 1500. The emperor Maximilian I, deposed in 1515, may perhaps be included.





121 lit.: speculate on.





122 On knowledge of the nature of sites as “science,” see Discourses on Livy III 39; and see the Dedicatory Letter above.





123 Philopoemen (253-183 B.C.), a head of the Achaean League. The writers who praise him are Livy (XXXV. 28) and Plutarch (Life of Philopoemen, 4).





124 The title of Xenophon’s book is actually Cyropaideia, “The Education of Cyrus.”





125 pietoso has a connotation of “pious.”





126 lit.: easy.





127 Or honestly.





128 Some manuscripts have infamia, “infamy.”





129 lit.: offends.





130 Louis XII.





131 Ferdinand the Catholic.





132 Or piety, throughout The Prince.





133 From 1500 to 1502 Pistoia, a city subject to Florence, was torn by factional disputes and riots. NM was there as representative of the Florentines on several occasions in 1501.





134 lit.: offend.





135 lit.: a whole universality.





136 lit.: offend.





137 Virgil, Aeneid 1563-64.





138 See Chapter 9.





139 lit.: blood.





140 lit.: blood.





141 On the comparison between Hannibal and Scipio, see also Discourses on Livy III 19-21. NM’s source is in Livy, XXIX 19, 21.





142 The formal or plural you.





143 A possible source for this: Cicero, De Officiis I. 11. 34; 13. 41.





144 lit.: universally.





145 lit.: touches.





146 One manuscript says “the few have no place there ...”; and the authorities have divided, Casella, Russo, and Sasso accepting “no place,” Chabod and Bertelli “a place.”





147 Apparently Ferdinand the Catholic, whom NM unhesitatingly names in Chapter 21.





148 See Chapter 17 above.





149 lit.: universality.





150 Chapter 9 above, where Nabis is featured as a prince of a civil principality. NM does not disclose here, as he does in Discourses on Livy III 6, that Nabis was in fact killed by a conspiracy.





151 Chapters 16, 17.





152 lit.: by the universal.





153 See NM, Florentine Histories VI 9—10.





154 On the kingdom of France, see also Discourses on Livy I 16, 17, 55; and NM’s Ritratto di cose di Francia.





155 Perhaps a reference to Louis IX, by whom the Parlement of Paris was organized out of the preceding king’s court. Parlements in the French monarchy were law courts, not legislative assemblies.





156 lit.: of the universal.





157 lit.: things of grace.





158 Alexander Severus.





159 università is singular here, according to some MSS accepted by Chabod; it is plural and translated as “communities” in the next clause; università is derived from the medieval Latin universitas, which means both a legal body or corporation and (sometimes) the community on which such bodies depend. NM’s usage lacks the legalism of medieval usage.





160 Chapter 15.





161 See note 12 above.





162 lit.: discoursing on.





163 Septimius Severus, who in Discourses on Livy I 10 is called a criminal.





164 The formal or plural you.





165 Chapter 18.





166 lit.: empire.





167 lit.: offend.





168 See also Discourrses on Livy III 6, where NM says that the centurion was the instrument or executive of another conspirator, Macrinus, who was Caracalla’s prefect and is not said to have suffered “grave injury” from Caracalla. Macrinus proclaimed himself emperor in 217 and was overthrown in 218.





169 lit.: being very base.





170 Apparently “the Turk” is Selim I, sultan of the Ottoman Turks from 1512 to 1520, and “the Sultan” is the last sultan of the Mamelukes in Egypt, Tuman Bey, who was overthrown by Selim I in 1517. Selim I is called “the Grand Turk” by NM in the Discourses on Livy: see I 1, 19, 30; II 17; III 6, 35.





171 The formal or plural you.





172 See Chapter 12.





173 lit.: discoursing on.





174 On fortresses, see Discourses ou Livy II 21, 24, 25; III 27, 37.





175 lit.: offends.





176 lit.: impetus.





177 This story is told in vivid detail in Discourses on Livy III 6 and Florentine Histories VIII 34.





178 Both you’s in this sentence are the formal or plural you.





179 lit.: empire.





180 The Marranos, who were expelled from Spain in 1501—2 by Ferdinand, were Jews and Moslems who had been forcibly converted to Christianity.





181 In 1512, when Ferdinand joined the Holy League.





182 Bernabò Visconti, duke of Milan from 1354 to 1385.





183 Or man, in some MSS.





184 lit.: good.





185 Quoted in Latin from Livy, Histories, XXXV. 49.





186 lit.: offend.





187 See Chapter 19, note 12.





188 Antonio Giordani da Venafro (1459-1530), professor of law at the Studio of Siena.





189 This is the second time Petrucci has been called “prince of Siena” (cf. Chapter 20); in Discourses on Livy III 6 he is called “tyrant of Siena.”





190 lit.: exalts.





191 lit.: free will.





192 Luca Rinaldi, a bishop and ambassador of Emperor Maximilian I (1459-1519), with whom NM became acquainted during his embassy to the emperor in 1508.





193 lit.: easy; see Chapter 15.





194 See NM’s similar description of Maximilian, in his Rapporto delle cose della Magna (1508).





195 Most MSS omit “good friends.”





196 Frederick of Aragon, expelled from Naples in 1501 by Ferdinand the Catholic and Louis XII, and dethroned.





197 Ludovico Sforza; see Chapter 3.





198 On Philip V of Macedonia (237-179 B.C.), see Discourses on Livy II 4, IO; III 10, 37.





199 lit.: ordered.





200 Both you’s in this sentence are the formal or plural you.





201 lit.: universal.





202 lit.: respect; respetto is translated usually as “caution” and “hesitation,” occasionally as “regard.”





203 The formal or plural you should be understood here.





204 lit.: reasonings.





205 See Discourses on Livy III 9.





206 See Chapter 6.





207 spirito, not animo.





208 Cardinal Giovanni de’ Medici, Lorenzo’s uncle, became Pope Leo X in 1513.





209 The formal or plural you.





210 Quoted in Latin from Livy IX. 1; see also Discourses on Livy III 12, and Florentine Histories V 8, where the same quotation is used to emphasize necessity rather than justice.





211 lit.: conducted.





212 These are references to miracles that occurred as Moses led the Israelites to the promised land, just before the revelation at Mount Sinai. They are not given in the same order as in the Bible, Exodus 14:21, 13:21, 17:6, 16:4.





213 Seven battles that were Italian defeats, from 1495 to 1513.





214 lit.: provinces.





215 April II, 1512; see Chapter 3.





216 Petrarch, Italia mia, 93—96.





217 Petrarch, Triumph of Divinity, 13.





218 Perhaps a reference to NM’s imprisonment and torture in February and March of 1513.





219 Paradiso, V, 41—42.





220 Giuliano de’ Medici, the duke ofNemours, son of Lorenzo the Magnificent. He left Florence in September of 1513 and was in Rome at the time of NM’s letter. He died in 1516, and NM decided to dedicate The Prince to Lorenzo de’ Medici, grandson of Lorenzo the Magnificent, who became duke ofUrbino in 1516.





221 The prison, because NM would be suspected of plotting with the Soderini for the return of the previous regime.





222 Giuliano.