# CHAPTER VII

CHAPTER VII

The pope becomes attached to the Florentines--The Genoese
seize Serezanello--They are routed by the Florentines--Serezana
surrenders--Genoa submits to the duke of Milan--War between the
Venetians and the Dutch--Osimo revolts from the church--Count Girolamo
Riario, lord of Furli, slain by a conspiracy--Galeotto, lord of Faenza,
is murdered by the treachery of his wife--The government of the city
offered to the Florentines--Disturbances in Sienna--Death of Lorenzo
de' Medici--His eulogy--Establishment of his family--Estates bought by
Lorenzo--His anxiety for the defense of Florence--His taste for arts and
literature--The university of Pisa--The estimation of Lorenzo by other
princes.

The pope having observed in the course of the war, how promptly and
earnestly the Florentines adhered to their alliances, although he had
previously been opposed to them from his attachment to the Genoese,
and the assistance they had rendered to the king, now evinced a more
amicable disposition, and received their ambassadors with greater favor
than previously. Lorenzo de' Medici, being made acquainted with this
change of feeling, encouraged it with the utmost solicitude; for he
thought it would be of great advantage, if to the friendship of the king
he could add that of the pontiff. The pope had a son named Francesco,
upon whom designing to bestow states and attach friends who might be
useful to him after his own death, saw no safer connection in Italy
than Lorenzo's, and therefore induced the latter to give him one of his
daughters in marriage. Having formed this alliance, the pope desired the
Genoese to concede Serezana to the Florentines, insisting that they had
no right to detain what Agostino had sold, nor was Agostino justified
in making over to the Bank of San Giorgio what was not his own. However,
his holiness did not succeed with them; for the Genoese, during these
transactions at Rome, armed several vessels, and, unknown to the
Florentines, landed three thousand foot, attacked Serezanello, situated
above Serezana, plundered and burnt the town near it, and then,
directing their artillery against the fortress, fired upon it with their
utmost energy. This assault was new and unexpected by the Florentines,
who immediately assembled their forces under Virginio Orsino, at Pisa,
and complained to the pope, that while he was endeavoring to establish
peace, the Genoese had renewed their attack upon them. They then sent
Piero Corsini to Lucca, that by his presence he might keep the city
faithful; and Pagolantonio Soderini to Venice, to learn how that
republic was disposed. They demanded assistance of the king and of
Signor Lodovico, but obtained it from neither; for the king expressed
apprehensions of the Turkish fleet, and Lodovico made excuses, but sent
no aid. Thus the Florentines in their own wars are almost always
obliged to stand alone, and find no friends to assist them with the same
readiness they practice toward others. Nor did they, on this desertion
of their allies (it being nothing new to them) give way to despondency;
for having assembled a large army under Jacopo Guicciardini and Pietro
Vettori, they sent it against the enemy, who had encamped upon the
river Magra, at the same time pressing Serezanello with mines and every
species of attack. The commissaries being resolved to relieve the place,
an engagement ensued, when the Genoese were routed, and Lodovico dal
Fiesco, with several other principal men, made prisoners. The Serezanesi
were not so depressed at their defeat as to be willing to surrender,
but obstinately prepared for their defense, while the Florentine
commissaries proceeded with their operations, and instances of valor
occurred on both sides. The siege being protracted by a variety of
fortune, Lorenzo de' Medici resolved to go to the camp, and on his
arrival the troops acquired fresh courage, while that of the enemy
seemed to fail; for perceiving the obstinacy of the Florentines' attack,
and the delay of the Genoese in coming to their relief, they surrendered
to Lorenzo, without asking conditions, and none were treated with
severity except two or three who were leaders of the rebellion. During
the siege, Lodovico had sent troops to Pontremoli, as if with an
intention of assisting the Florentines; but having secret correspondence
in Genoa, a party was raised there, who, by the aid of these forces,
gave the city to the duke of Milan.

At this time the Dutch made war upon the Venetians, and Boccolino of
Osimo, in the Marca, caused that place to revolt from the pope, and
assumed the sovereignty. After a variety of fortune, he was induced to
restore the city to the pontiff and come to Florence, where, under the
protection of Lorenzo de' Medici, by whose advice he had been prevailed
upon to submit, he lived long and respected. He afterward went to Milan,
but did not experience such generous treatment; for Lodovico caused him
to be put to death. The Venetians were routed by the Dutch, near the
city of Trento, and Roberto da S. Severino, their captain, was slain.
After this defeat, the Venetians, with their usual good fortune, made
peace with the Dutch, not as vanquished, but as conquerors, so honorable
were the terms they obtained.

About this time, there arose serious troubles in Romagna. Francesco
d'Orso, of Furli, was a man of great authority in that city, and
became suspected by the count Girolamo, who often threatened him. He
consequently, living under great apprehensions, was advised by his
friends to provide for his own safety, by the immediate adoption of such
a course as would relieve him from all further fear of the count. Having
considered the matter and resolved to attempt it, they fixed upon the
market day, at Furli, as most suitable for their purpose; for many of
their friends being sure to come from the country, they might make
use of their services without having to bring them expressly for the
occasion. It was the month of May, when most Italians take supper by
daylight. The conspirators thought the most convenient hour would be
after the count had finished his repast; for his household being then
at their meal, he would remain in the chamber almost alone. Having
fixed upon the hour, Francesco went to the count's residence, left
his companions in the hall, proceeded to his apartment, and desired an
attendant to say he wished for an interview. He was admitted, and after
a few words of pretended communication, slew him, and calling to his
associates, killed the attendant. The governor of the place coming by
accident to speak with the count, and entering the apartment with a few
of his people, was also slain. After this slaughter, and in the midst
of a great tumult, the count's body was thrown from the window, and with
the cry of "church and liberty," they roused the people (who hated the
avarice and cruelty of the count) to arms, and having plundered his
house, made the Countess Caterina and her children prisoners. The
fortress alone had to be taken to bring the enterprise to a successful
issue; but the Castellan would not consent to its surrender. They begged
the countess would desire him to comply with their wish, which she
promised to do, if they would allow her to go into the fortress,
leaving her children as security for the performance of her promise. The
conspirators trusted her, and permitted her to enter; but as soon as she
was within, she threatened them with death and every kind of torture in
revenge for the murder of her husband; and upon their menacing her with
the death of her children, she said she had the means of getting more.
Finding they were not supported by the pope, and that Lodovico
Sforza, uncle to the countess, had sent forces to her assistance, the
conspirators became terrified, and taking with them whatever property
they could carry off, they fled to Citta di Castello. The countess
recovered the state, and avenged the death of her husband with the
utmost cruelty. The Florentines hearing of the count's death, took
occasion to recover the fortress of Piancaldoli, of which he had
formerly deprived them, and, on sending some forces, captured it; but
Cecco, the famous engineer, lost his life during the siege.

To this disturbance in Romagna, another in that province, no less
important, has to be added. Galeotto, lord of Faenza, had married the
daughter of Giovanni Bentivogli, prince of Bologna. She, either through
jealousy or ill treatment by her husband, or from the depravity of her
own nature, hated him to such a degree, that she determined to deprive
him of his possessions and his life; and pretending sickness, she took
to her bed, where, having induced Galeotto to visit her, he was slain by
assassins, whom she had concealed for that purpose in the apartment.
She had acquainted her father with her design, and he hoped, on his
son-in-law's death, to become lord of Faenza. A great tumult arose as
soon as the murder was known, the widow, with an infant son, fled into
the fortress, the people took up arms, Giovanni Bentivogli, with a
condottiere of the duke of Milan, named Bergamino, engaged for the
occasion, entered Faenza with a considerable force, and Antonio Boscoli,
the Florentine commissary, was also there. These leaders being together,
and discoursing of the government of the place, the men of Val di
Lamona, who had risen unanimously upon learning what had occurred,
attacked Giovanni and Bergamino, the latter of whom they slew, made the
former prisoner, and raising the cry of "Astorre and the Florentines,"
offered the city to the commissary. These events being known at
Florence, gave general offense; however, they set Giovanni and his
daughter at liberty, and by the universal desire of the people, took
the city and Astorre under their protection. Besides these, after
the principal differences of the greater powers were composed, during
several years tumults prevailed in Romagna, the Marca, and Sienna,
which, as they are unimportant, it will be needless to recount. When
the duke of Calabria, after the war of 1478, had left the country, the
distractions of Sienna became more frequent, and after many changes, in
which, first the plebeians, and then the nobility, were victorious, the
latter and length maintained the superiority, and among them Pandolfo
and Jacopo Petrucci obtained the greatest influence, so that the former
being distinguished for prudence and the latter for resolution, they
became almost princes in the city.

The Florentines after the war of Serezana, lived in great prosperity
until 1492, when Lorenzo de' Medici died; for he having put a stop to
the internal wars of Italy, and by his wisdom and authority established
peace, turned his thoughts to the advancement of his own and the city's
interests, and married Piero, his eldest son, to Alfonsina, daughter of
the Cavaliere Orsino. He caused Giovanni, his second son, to be raised
to the dignity of cardinal. This was the more remarkable from its being
unprecedented; for he was only fourteen years of age when admitted to
the college; and became the medium by which his family attained to the
highest earthly glory. He was unable to make any particular provision
for Guiliano, his third son, on account of his tender years, and
the shortness of his own life. Of his daughters, one married Jacopo
Salviati; another, Francesco Cibo; the third, Piero Ridolfi; and the
fourth, whom, in order to keep his house united, he had married to
Giovanni de' Medici, died. In his commercial affairs he was very
unfortunate, from the improper conduct of his agents, who in all their
proceedings assumed the deportment of princes rather than of private
persons; so that in many places, much of his property was wasted, and
he had to be relieved by his country with large sums of money. To
avoid similar inconvenience, he withdrew from mercantile pursuits,
and invested his property in land and houses, as being less liable to
vicissitude. In the districts of Prato, Pisa, and the Val di Pesa, he
purchased extensively, and erected buildings, which for magnificence
and utility, were quite of regal character. He next undertook the
improvement of the city, and as many parts were unoccupied by buildings,
he caused new streets to be erected in them, of great beauty, and thus
enlarged the accommodation of the inhabitants. To enjoy his power in
security and repose, and conquer or resist his enemies at a distance, in
the direction of Bologna he fortified the castle of Firenzuola,
situated in the midst of the Appennines; toward Sienna he commenced the
restoration and fortification of the Poggio Imperiale; and he shut out
the enemy in the direction of Genoa, by the acquisition of Pietra Santa
and Serezana. For the greater safety of the city, he kept in pay the
Baglioni, at Perugia, and the Vitelli, at Citta di Castello, and held
the government of Faenza wholly in his own power; all which greatly
contributed to the repose and prosperity of Florence. In peaceful times,
he frequently entertained the people with feasts, and exhibitions of
various events and triumphs of antiquity; his object being to keep the
city abundantly supplied, the people united, and the nobility honored.
He was a great admirer of excellence in the arts, and a patron of
literary men, of which Agnolo da Montepulciano, Cristofero Landini, and
Demetrius Chalcondylas, a Greek, may afford sufficient proofs. On this
account, Count Giovanni della Mirandola, a man of almost supernatural
genius, after visiting every court of Europe, induced by the munificence
of Lorenzo, established his abode at Florence. He took great delight
in architecture, music, and poetry, many of his comments and poetical
compositions still remaining. To facilitate the study of literature
to the youth of Florence, he opened a university at Pisa, which was
conducted by the most distinguished men in Italy. For Mariano da
Chinazano, a friar of the order of St. Augustine, and an excellent
preacher, he built a monastery in the neighborhood of Florence. He
enjoyed much favor both from fortune and from the Almighty; all his
enterprises were brought to a prosperous termination, while his enemies
were unfortunate; for, besides the conspiracy of the Pazzi, an attempt
was made to murder him in the Carmine, by Batista Frescobaldi, and a
similar one by Baldinetto da Pistoja, at his villa; but these persons,
with their confederates, came to the end their crimes deserved. His
skill, prudence, and fortune, were acknowledged with admiration, not
only by the princes of Italy, but by those of distant countries; for
Matthias, king of Hungary, gave him many proofs of his regard; the
sultan sent ambassadors to him with valuable presents, and the Turkish
emperor placed in his hands Bernardo Bandini, the murderer of his
brother. These circumstances raised his fame throughout Italy, and his
reputation for prudence constantly increased; for in council he was
eloquent and acute, wise in determination, and prompt and resolute
in execution. Nor can vices be alleged against him to sully so many
virtues; though he was fond of women, pleased with the company of
facetious and satirical men, and amused with the games of the nursery,
more than seemed consistent with so great a character; for he was
frequently seen playing with his children, and partaking of their
infantine sports; so that whoever considers this gravity and
cheerfulness, will find united in him dispositions which seem almost
incompatible with each other. In his later years, he was greatly
afflicted; besides the gout, he was troubled with excruciating pains in
the stomach, of which he died in April, 1492, in the forty-fourth year
of his age; nor was there ever in Florence, or even in Italy, one so
celebrated for wisdom, or for whose loss such universal regret was felt.
As from his death the greatest devastation would shortly ensue, the
heavens gave many evident tokens of its approach; among other signs,
the highest pinnacle of the church of Santa Reparata was struck with
lightning, and great part of it thrown down, to the terror and amazement
of everyone. The citizens and all the princes of Italy mourned for him,
and sent their ambassadors to Florence, to condole with the city on the
occasion; and the justness of their grief was shortly after apparent;
for being deprived of his counsel, his survivors were unable either to
satisfy or restrain the ambition of Lodovico Sforza, tutor to the duke
of Milan; and hence, soon after the death of Lorenzo, those evil plants
began to germinate, which in a little time ruined Italy, and continue to
keep her in desolation.







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